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<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>
Wayback Machine
</title>
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<script type="text/javascript">
window.webComponentLoaderConfig = {
baseUrl: 'https://archive.org',
version: '29e56e87'
};
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<link href="//archive.org/includes/build/css/archive.min.css?v=0f1d6df5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<meta content="" property="mediatype">
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<script type="text/javascript">
if ('archive_analytics' in window) {
var v = archive_analytics.values;
v.path = '';
v.service = 'wb';
v.server_name = 'wwwb-app212.us.archive.org';
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}
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<link href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/images/archive.ico" rel="shortcut icon">
<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport">
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="content-type">
<link href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/styles.css?v=X-Ndhul9" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<script charset="utf-8" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/ui.js?v=7LYlZ-C2" type="text/javascript">
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<base target="_top">
<link href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/web.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<!-- include component js and css -->
<link href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/waybackjs/main.487ad87ccdfe69d01fe1.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
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</script>
<style>
html, body {
margin : 0;
padding : 0
}
#faux-header {
height : 50px;
width : 100%;
margin : 0;
background-color : black;
}
#react-wayback-search {
max-width : 1170px;
margin : 0 auto;
padding : 10px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body class="navia">
<div class="ia-banners">
<div class="ia-banner hidden summary-judgement-4" data-campaign="summary-judgement-4">
<p>
We will keep fighting for all libraries -
<a href="https://blog.archive.org/2023/03/25/the-fight-continues/" rel="nofollow">
stand with us!
</a>
</p>
<form action="" class="banner-close" data-action="ia-banner-close" method="get">
<fieldset>
<button aria-label="Close Banner" type="submit">
</button>
</fieldset>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="topnav">
<input class="js_nav_tweaks" type="hidden" value="[]">
<!-- Shady DOM styles for icon-hamburger -->
<style scope="icon-hamburger-1">
.icon-hamburger-1 svg.icon-hamburger {
display : block;
}
.icon-hamburger-1 .fill-color.icon-hamburger {
fill : #fff;
}
</style>
<!-- Shady DOM styles for login-button -->
<style scope="login-button-1">
.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button {
display : block;
height : 4rem;
font-size : 1.6rem;
text-transform : uppercase;
text-decoration : none;
color : #ccc;
cursor : pointer;
}
.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button .fill-color.login-button {
fill : #999;
}
.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button:active .fill-color.login-button,.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button:focus .fill-color.login-button,.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button:hover .fill-color.login-button {
fill : #fff;
}
.login-button-1 .active.login-button {
border-radius : 1rem 1rem 0 0;
background : #333;
}
.login-button-1 .active.login-button .fill-color.login-button {
fill : #fff;
}
.login-button-1 span.login-button {
display : none;
font-size : 1.4rem;
text-transform : uppercase;
color : #999;
}
.login-button-1 span.login-button a.login-button {
color : inherit;
text-decoration : none;
}
.login-button-1 a.login-button:hover,.login-button-1 a.login-button:active,.login-button-1 a.login-button:focus {
color : #fff;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.login-button-1 .logged-out-toolbar.login-button {
transform : translateY(-.5rem);
}
.login-button-1 .active.login-button {
background : transparent;
}
.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button {
display : inline-block;
vertical-align : middle;
}
.login-button-1 span.login-button {
display : inline;
vertical-align : middle;
}
}
</style>
<!-- Shady DOM styles for nav-search -->
<style scope="nav-search-1">
.nav-search-1 input.nav-search[type="text"] {
color : #222;
}
.nav-search-1 input.nav-search:focus {
outline : none;
}
.nav-search-1 button.nav-search {
background : none;
color : inherit;
border : none;
font : inherit;
cursor : pointer;
}
.nav-search-1 button.nav-search:focus {
outline : none;
}
.nav-search-1 .search.nav-search {
padding-top : 0;
margin-right : 0.5rem;
}
.nav-search-1 .search.nav-search svg.nav-search {
position : relative;
top : -5px;
right : -3px;
fill : ;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search {
display : -webkit-box;
display : -ms-flexbox;
display : flex;
position : absolute;
top : 0;
right : 4rem;
bottom : 0;
left : 4rem;
z-index : 3;
padding : 0.5rem 0.2rem;
border-radius : 1rem 1rem 0 0;
background : #333;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-inactive.nav-search {
display : none;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .highlight.nav-search,.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search {
background : #fff;
border-radius : 0.5rem;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .highlight.nav-search {
display : -webkit-box;
display : -ms-flexbox;
display : flex;
width : 100%;
margin : 0 0.5rem;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search {
height : 100%;
padding : 0;
margin-right : 0;
-ms-flex-item-align : center;
-ms-grid-row-align : center;
align-self : center;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search-field.nav-search {
width : 100%;
height : 100%;
box-sizing : border-box;
padding-left : 1rem;
border-radius : 0.5rem;
border : none;
font-size : 1.6rem;
text-align : center;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search-field.nav-search:focus {
outline : none;
}
@keyframes fade-in-nav-search-1 {
0%
{
opacity: 0;
}
100%
{
opacity: 1;
}
}
.nav-search-1 .fade-in.nav-search {
animation : fade-in-nav-search-1 0.2s forwards;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.nav-search-1 .search.nav-search svg.nav-search {
display : inline;
width : 28px;
height : 28px;
vertical-align : -14px;
}
.nav-search-1 .search.nav-search path.nav-search {
fill : #333;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-inactive.nav-search,.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search {
display : block;
position : static;
padding : 1.2rem 0.2rem;
background : transparent;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .highlight.nav-search {
width : 13rem;
height : 2.8rem;
-webkit-box-orient : horizontal;
-webkit-box-direction: reverse;
-ms-flex-direction : row-reverse;
flex-direction : row-reverse;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search-field.nav-search {
width : calc(100% - 28px);
height : 100%;
padding-left : 0;
font-size : 1.4rem;
text-align : left;
}
.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search svg.nav-search {
width : 28px;
height : 28px;
}
}
</style>
<!-- Shady DOM styles for media-button -->
<style scope="media-button-1">
.media-button-1 a.media-button {
display : inline-block;
text-decoration : none;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button {
display : inline-flex;
width : 100%;
padding : 0;
font-size : 1.6rem;
text-align : left;
background : transparent;
-webkit-box-align : center;
-ms-flex-align : center;
align-items : center;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:focus {
outline : none;
}
.media-button-1 .label.media-button {
display : inline-block;
padding : 0;
font-weight : 400;
color : #fff;
text-align : left;
vertical-align : middle;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button > .icon.media-button {
display : inline-flex;
width : 42px;
height : 42px;
vertical-align : middle;
-webkit-box-align : center;
-ms-flex-align : center;
align-items : center;
-webkit-box-pack : center;
-ms-flex-pack : center;
justify-content : center;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button .icon.media-button {
background-color : #333;
border-radius : 1rem 0 0 1rem;
}
.media-button-1 .icon.media-button .fill-color.media-button {
fill : #999;
}
.media-button-1 .icon.active.media-button .fill-color.media-button {
fill : #fff;
}
.media-button-1 .donate.media-button .fill-color.media-button {
fill : #f00;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button {
width : auto;
height : 5rem;
color : #999;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:hover,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:active,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:focus {
color : #fff;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:hover .fill-color.media-button,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:active .fill-color.media-button,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:focus .fill-color.media-button {
fill : #fff;
}
.media-button-1 .label.media-button {
display : none;
}
.media-button-1 .label.media-button,.media-button-1 .web.media-button:after {
padding-right : 1rem;
font-size : 1.3rem;
text-transform : uppercase;
color : inherit;
}
.media-button-1 .web.media-button:after {
display : none;
content : "web";
}
.media-button-1 .donate.media-button,.media-button-1 .more.media-button {
display : none;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button {
background : #474747;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button .label.media-button,.media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.web.media-button:after {
color : #fff;
}
.media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button .icon.media-button {
background : transparent;
}
.media-button-1 .web.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button {
fill : #ffcd27;
}
.media-button-1 .texts.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button {
fill : #faab3c;
}
.media-button-1 .video.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button {
fill : #f1644b;
}
.media-button-1 .audio.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button {
fill : #00adef;
}
.media-button-1 .software.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button {
fill : #9ecc4f;
}
.media-button-1 .images.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button {
fill : #aa99c9;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1300px) {
.media-button-1 .label.media-button,.media-button-1 .web.media-button:after {
display : inline;
}
.media-button-1 .web.media-button .label.media-button {
display : none;
}
}
</style>
<!-- Shady DOM styles for media-menu -->
<style scope="media-menu-1">
.media-menu-1 {
outline : none;
}
.media-menu-1 .media-menu-inner.media-menu {
z-index : -1;
top : -40rem;
background-color : #222;
margin : 0;
overflow : hidden;
transition-duration : 0.2s;
transition-property : top;
transition-timing-function: ease;
}
.media-menu-1 .menu-group.media-menu {
position : relative;
line-height : normal;
}
@media (max-width: 889px) {
.media-menu-1 .media-menu-container.media-menu {
position : relative;
}
.media-menu-1 .media-menu-inner.media-menu {
position : absolute;
width : 100%;
}
.media-menu-1 .open.media-menu .media-menu-inner.media-menu {
top : 0;
}
.media-menu-1 .overflow-clip.media-menu {
position : absolute;
z-index : -1;
top : 0;
left : 0;
height : 0;
width : 100%;
overflow : hidden;
transition-duration : 0.2s;
transition-property : height;
}
.media-menu-1 .open.media-menu .overflow-clip.media-menu {
height : 40rem;
}
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.media-menu-1 .media-menu-inner.media-menu {
display : inline-block;
position : static;
width : auto;
height : 5rem;
transition-property : none;
}
.media-menu-1 .menu-group.media-menu {
font-size : 0;
}
}
</style>
<!-- Shady DOM styles for primary-nav -->
<style scope="primary-nav-1">
.primary-nav-1 button.primary-nav:focus,.primary-nav-1 a.primary-nav:focus,.primary-nav-1 input.primary-nav:focus {
outline : none;
}
.primary-nav-1 nav.primary-nav {
position : relative;
display : -ms-grid;
display : grid;
height : 40px;
grid-template-areas : "hamburger empty heart search user";
-ms-grid-columns : 40px minmax(1rem, 100%) 40px 40px 40px;
grid-template-columns: 40px auto 40px 40px 40px;
-ms-grid-rows : 100%;
grid-template-rows : 100%;
background : #222;
border-bottom : 1px solid #333;
}
.primary-nav-1 nav.hide-search.primary-nav {
grid-template-areas : "hamburger empty heart user";
-ms-grid-columns : 40px minmax(1rem, 100%) 40px 40px;
grid-template-columns: 40px auto 40px 40px;
}
.primary-nav-1 button.primary-nav {
background : none;
color : inherit;
border : none;
font : inherit;
cursor : pointer;
}
.primary-nav-1 .branding.primary-nav {
position : static;
float : left;
padding : 0 5px 0 10px;
-webkit-transform : translate(0, 0);
-ms-transform : translate(0, 0);
transform : translate(0, 0);
}
.primary-nav-1 slot.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .branding.primary-nav {
display : flex;
justify-content : left;
align-items : center;
}
.primary-nav-1 media-menu.primary-nav {
grid-column-start : hamburger-start;
grid-column-end : user-end;
}
.primary-nav-1 .ia-logo.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .ia-wordmark.primary-nav {
margin-right : 5px;
}
.primary-nav-1 .hamburger.primary-nav {
-ms-grid-row : 1;
-ms-grid-column : 1;
grid-area : hamburger;
padding : 0;
}
.primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav {
-ms-grid-row : 1;
-ms-grid-column : 3;
grid-area : heart;
position : relative;
padding : 0;
z-index : 1;
width : 100%;
text-align : right;
-webkit-box-align : center;
-ms-flex-align : center;
align-items : center;
}
.primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav svg.primary-nav {
height : 50px;
width : 50px;
margin-top : -5px;
margin-left : -5px;
}
.primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav .fill-color.primary-nav {
fill : rgb(255, 0, 0);
}
.primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav .label.primary-nav {
position : absolute;
width : 1px;
height : 1px;
padding : 0;
margin : -1px;
overflow : hidden;
clip : rect(0,0,0,0);
border : 0;
}
.primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav {
-ms-grid-row : 1;
-ms-grid-column : 4;
grid-area : search;
position : relative;
padding : 0;
z-index : 1;
width : 100%;
text-align : right;
-webkit-box-align : center;
-ms-flex-align : center;
align-items : center;
}
.primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav .fill-color.primary-nav {
fill : #999;
}
.primary-nav-1 .search-activated.primary-nav {
position : relative;
z-index : 3;
}
.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav {
display : none;
}
.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav span.primary-nav {
display : none;
}
.primary-nav-1 .user-info.primary-nav {
-ms-grid-row : 1;
-ms-grid-column : 5;
grid-area : user;
-ms-grid-row-align : stretch;
align-self : stretch;
-ms-grid-column-align: end;
justify-self : end;
}
.primary-nav-1 .screen-name.primary-nav {
display : none;
font-size : 1.3rem;
vertical-align : middle;
text-transform : uppercase;
}
.primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav {
height : 100%;
padding : 0.5rem 1rem;
color : #999;
}
.primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav:hover {
color : #fff;
}
.primary-nav-1 .user-menu.active.primary-nav {
border-radius : 1rem 1rem 0 0;
background : #333;
}
.primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav img.primary-nav {
display : block;
width : 30px;
height : 30px;
}
.primary-nav-1 .link-home.primary-nav {
display : flex;
text-decoration : none;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 890px) and (max-device-width: 905px) {
.primary-nav-1 .branding.second-logo.primary-nav {
padding-right : 0;
}
}
@media (min-width: 906px) {
.primary-nav-1 .branding.second-logo.primary-nav {
padding-right : 20px;
}
}
@media (max-width: 889px) {
.primary-nav-1 slot.primary-nav[name="opt-sec-logo"] {
display : none;
}
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.primary-nav-1 {
;
}
.primary-nav-1 nav.primary-nav {
display : block;
z-index : 3;
height : 5rem;
padding-right : 1.5rem;
}
.primary-nav-1 slot.primary-nav[name="opt-sec-logo-mobile"] {
display : none;
}
.primary-nav-1 .branding.primary-nav {
margin-top : 1rem;
}
.primary-nav-1 .ia-logo.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .ia-wordmark.primary-nav {
margin-right : 10px;
}
.primary-nav-1 .hamburger.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav {
display : none;
}
.primary-nav-1 .user-info.primary-nav {
float : right;
padding-top : 1rem;
}
.primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav {
padding-top : 0;
}
.primary-nav-1 .user-menu.active.primary-nav {
background : transparent;
}
.primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav img.primary-nav {
display : inline-block;
vertical-align : middle;
}
.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav {
display : block;
float : right;
margin-top : 1rem;
font-size : 1.4rem;
text-transform : uppercase;
text-decoration : none;
color : #999;
}
.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:active,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:focus,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:hover {
color : #fff;
}
.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav svg.primary-nav {
width : 32px;
height : 32px;
vertical-align : middle;
fill : #999;
}
.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:hover svg.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:focus svg.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:active svg.primary-nav {
fill : #fff;
}
.primary-nav-1 nav-search.primary-nav {
float : right;
margin-left : 1rem;
}
.primary-nav-1 login-button.primary-nav {
display : block;
margin-right : 1rem;
}
}
@media (min-width: 990px) {
.primary-nav-1 .screen-name.primary-nav {
display : inline-block;
text-overflow : ellipsis;
overflow : hidden;
white-space : nowrap;
max-width : 165px;
}
.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav span.primary-nav {
display : inline;
}
}
</style>
<!-- Shady DOM styles for user-menu -->
<!-- Shady DOM styles for search-menu -->
<style scope="search-menu-1">
.search-menu-1 .menu-wrapper.search-menu {
position : relative;
}
.search-menu-1 button.search-menu:focus,.search-menu-1 input.search-menu:focus {
outline-color : #428bca;
outline-width : 0.16rem;
outline-style : auto;
}
.search-menu-1 .search-menu-inner.search-menu {
position : absolute;
right : 0;
left : 0;
z-index : 3;
padding : 0 4.5rem;
font-size : 1.6rem;
background-color : #333;
}
.search-menu-1 .tx-slide.search-menu {
overflow : hidden;
transition-property : top;
transition-duration : 0.2s;
transition-timing-function: ease;
}
.search-menu-1 .initial.search-menu,.search-menu-1 .closed.search-menu {
top : -1500px;
}
.search-menu-1 .closed.search-menu {
transition-duration : 0.2s;
}
.search-menu-1 label.search-menu,.search-menu-1 a.search-menu {
padding : 1rem;
display : block;
}
.search-menu-1 .advanced-search.search-menu {
text-decoration : none;
color : #428bca;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.search-menu-1 .search-menu-inner.search-menu {
overflow : visible;
right : 2rem;
left : auto;
z-index : 5;
padding : 1rem 2rem;
transition : opacity 0.2s ease-in-out;
font-size : 1.4rem;
color : #333;
border-radius : 2px;
background : #fff;
box-shadow : 0 1px 2px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}
.search-menu-1 .search-menu-inner.search-menu:after {
position : absolute;
right : 7px;
top : -7px;
width : 12px;
height : 7px;
box-sizing : border-box;
color : #fff;
content : "";
border-bottom : 7px solid currentColor;
border-left : 6px solid transparent;
border-right : 6px solid transparent;
}
.search-menu-1 .initial.search-menu,.search-menu-1 .closed.search-menu {
opacity : 0;
transition-duration : 0.2s;
}
.search-menu-1 .open.search-menu {
opacity : 1;
}
.search-menu-1 label.search-menu {
padding : 0;
}
.search-menu-1 label.search-menu + label.search-menu {
padding-top : 7px;
}
.search-menu-1 a.search-menu {
padding : 1rem 0 0 0;
}
}
</style>
<!-- Shady DOM styles for ia-wayback-search -->
<!-- Shady DOM styles for wayback-search -->
<style scope="wayback-search-1">
.wayback-search-1 {
font : normal 1.2rem/1.5 "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
.wayback-search-1 form.wayback-search {
max-width : 600px;
}
.wayback-search-1 p.wayback-search {
margin-top : 0;
font-weight : 200;
}
.wayback-search-1 a.wayback-search {
font-weight : 500;
text-decoration : none;
color : #fff;
}
.wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search {
padding : 0.7rem 2rem;
margin : 1.5rem 0;
box-sizing : border-box;
text-align : center;
border : none;
border-radius : 7px;
background-color : #fcf5e6;
box-shadow : 3px 3px 0 0 #c3ad97;
}
.wayback-search-1 label.wayback-search {
display : none;
}
.wayback-search-1 img.wayback-search {
width : 100%;
max-width : 215px;
max-height : 60px;
margin-bottom : 1.3rem;
vertical-align : middle;
}
.wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search {
display : block;
width : 100%;
height : 3rem;
padding : 0.5rem 1rem 0.5rem 2.5rem;
font : normal 1.2rem/1.5 "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
color : #858585;
box-sizing : border-box;
border : 1px solid #ccc;
border-radius : 2rem;
background : #eee;
}
.wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search:focus {
border-color : #66afe9;
box-shadow : inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075), 0 0 8px rgba(102, 175, 233, 0.6);
outline : none;
}
.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search {
position : relative;
overflow : hidden;
}
.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search svg.wayback-search {
position : absolute;
top : 2px;
left : 3px;
width : 2.4rem;
height : 2.4rem;
}
.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search .fill-color.wayback-search {
fill : #999;
}
.wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search:focus + svg.wayback-search {
display : none;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.wayback-search-1 form.wayback-search {
margin : 0 auto;
}
.wayback-search-1 p.wayback-search {
margin-bottom : 3rem;
font-size : 1.6rem;
text-align : center;
}
.wayback-search-1 img.wayback-search {
margin : 0;
}
.wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search {
margin : 0 auto;
font-size : 0;
}
.wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search,.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search {
display : inline-block;
width : 50%;
vertical-align : middle;
}
.wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search {
text-align : center;
}
.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search svg.wayback-search {
width : 2.8rem;
height : 2.8rem;
}
.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search .fill-color.wayback-search {
fill : #333;
}
}
.wayback-search-1 p.wayback-search {
margin-bottom : 1rem;
font-size : 1.6rem;
text-align : center;
}
.wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search {
padding : .5rem;
border-radius : 5px;
box-shadow : none;
}
.wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search {
padding-left : 3rem;
margin-top : .3rem;
font-size : 1.4rem;
border-color : #bca38e;
background : #fff;
}
.wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search::placeholder,.wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search::-webkit-input-placeholder {
color : #8e8e8e;
}
.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search svg.wayback-search {
top : 50%;
transform : translateY(-50%);
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search,.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search {
display : block;
width : auto;
}
.wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search {
margin : 0 1.5rem;
}
}
</style>
<!-- Shady DOM styles for save-page-form -->
<style scope="save-page-form-1">
.save-page-form-1 div.save-page-form {
display : grid;
grid-template-columns: 1fr auto;
grid-column-gap : .8rem;
margin : 0;
padding : 0;
border : none;
}
.save-page-form-1 input.save-page-form[type="text"] {
width : 100%;
height : 30px;
box-sizing : border-box;
border : 1px solid #999;
border-radius : .5rem;
color : #222;
}
.save-page-form-1 input.save-page-form[type="submit"] {
-webkit-appearance : none;
-moz-appearance : none;
appearance : none;
padding : .4rem .8rem;
font : normal 1.3rem "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
text-transform : uppercase;
color : #fff;
border : none;
border-radius : 16px;
background : #222;
cursor : pointer;
}
.save-page-form-1 .error.save-page-form {
display : none;
margin-top : .5rem;
font-weight : bold;
color : #ffcd27;
}
.save-page-form-1 .visible.save-page-form {
display : block;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.save-page-form-1 h3.save-page-form {
margin-top : 0;
font : normal 100 1.6rem "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
}
</style>
<!-- Shady DOM styles for wayback-slider -->
<style scope="wayback-slider-1">
.wayback-slider-1 h4.wayback-slider {
font-size : 1.6rem;
}
.wayback-slider-1 a.wayback-slider {
text-decoration : none;
color : #fff;
}
.wayback-slider-1 ul.wayback-slider {
padding : 0;
margin : 0;
list-style : none;
}
.wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider + li.wayback-slider {
padding-top : 1.5rem;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.wayback-slider-1 h4.wayback-slider {
margin : 0 0 1rem 0;
font-weight : 100;
}
.wayback-slider-1 ul.wayback-slider {
font-size : 1.3rem;
}
.wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider {
padding-bottom : .5rem;
}
.wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider + li.wayback-slider {
padding-top : 0;
}
.wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider a.wayback-slider {
display : block;
overflow : hidden;
white-space : nowrap;
text-overflow : ellipsis;
}
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.wayback-slider-1 {
display : block;
grid-column : 1 / 4;
padding : 0 1.5rem;
}
.wayback-slider-1 h4.wayback-slider {
margin-top : 0;
font : normal 100 1.6rem "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
.wayback-slider-1 .grid.wayback-slider {
display : grid;
grid-template-columns: minmax(auto, 260px) 1fr minmax(auto, 260px);
grid-column-gap : 2.5rem;
}
.wayback-slider-1 .link-lists.wayback-slider {
display : grid;
grid-template-columns: calc(50% - 1.25rem) calc(50% - 1.25rem);
grid-column-gap : 2.5rem;
}
}
</style>
<!-- Shady DOM styles for more-slider -->
<style scope="more-slider-1">
.more-slider-1 ul.more-slider {
padding : 0;
margin : -1rem 0 0 0;
list-style : none;
}
.more-slider-1 a.more-slider {
display : block;
padding : 1rem 0;
text-decoration : none;
color : #fff;
}
</style>
<!-- Shady DOM styles for media-subnav -->
<style scope="media-subnav-1">
.media-subnav-1 h4.media-subnav {
font-size : 1.6rem;
}
.media-subnav-1 a.media-subnav {
text-decoration : none;
color : #fff;
}
.media-subnav-1 ul.media-subnav {
padding : 0;
margin : 0;
list-style : none;
}
.media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav + li.media-subnav {
padding-top : 1.5rem;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.media-subnav-1 h4.media-subnav {
margin : 0 0 1rem 0;
font-weight : 100;
}
.media-subnav-1 ul.media-subnav {
font-size : 1.3rem;
}
.media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav {
padding-bottom : .5rem;
}
.media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav + li.media-subnav {
padding-top : 0;
}
.media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav a.media-subnav {
display : block;
overflow : hidden;
white-space : nowrap;
text-overflow : ellipsis;
}
}
.media-subnav-1 img.media-subnav {
display : block;
width : 90px;
height : 90px;
margin : 0 auto 1rem auto;
border-radius : 45px;
}
.media-subnav-1 h3.media-subnav {
margin-top : 0;
font-size : 1.8rem;
}
.media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav {
display : -webkit-box;
display : -ms-flexbox;
display : flex;
-webkit-box-pack : space-evenly;
-ms-flex-pack : space-evenly;
justify-content : space-evenly;
text-align : center;
}
.media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav a.media-subnav {
display : inline-block;
width : 120px;
margin-bottom : 1.5rem;
overflow : hidden;
white-space : nowrap;
text-align : center;
text-overflow : ellipsis;
}
.media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav a.media-subnav + a.media-subnav {
margin-left : 2rem;
}
.media-subnav-1 .featured.media-subnav h4.media-subnav {
display : none;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.media-subnav-1 {
display : -ms-grid;
display : grid;
-ms-grid-columns : 40% 20% 40%;
grid-template-columns: 40% 20% 40%;
}
.media-subnav-1 .wayback-search.media-subnav {
-ms-grid-column : 1;
-ms-grid-column-span: 3;
grid-column : 1 / 4;
}
.media-subnav-1 h3.media-subnav {
display : none;
}
.media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav {
-ms-grid-column : 1;
}
.media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav a.media-subnav {
padding-top : 3.5rem;
max-width : 160px;
}
.media-subnav-1 .links.media-subnav {
padding : 0 1.5rem;
}
.media-subnav-1 .featured.media-subnav {
-ms-grid-column : 2;
}
.media-subnav-1 .featured.media-subnav h4.media-subnav {
display : block;
}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav {
-ms-grid-column : 3;
}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav {
display : -ms-grid;
display : grid;
-ms-grid-columns : 50% 3rem 50%;
grid-template-columns: 50% 50%;
-ms-grid-rows : (auto)[7];
grid-template-rows : repeat(7, auto);
grid-column-gap : 3rem;
grid-auto-flow : column;
}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(1) {
-ms-grid-row : 1;
-ms-grid-column : 1;
}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(2) {
-ms-grid-row : 2;
-ms-grid-column : 1;
}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(3) {
-ms-grid-row : 3;
-ms-grid-column : 1;
}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(4) {
-ms-grid-row : 4;
-ms-grid-column : 1;
}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(5) {
-ms-grid-row : 5;
-ms-grid-column : 1;
}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(6) {
-ms-grid-row : 6;
-ms-grid-column : 1;
}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(7) {
-ms-grid-row : 7;
-ms-grid-column : 1;
}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(8) {
-ms-grid-row : 1;
-ms-grid-column : 3;
}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(9) {
-ms-grid-row : 2;
-ms-grid-column : 3;
}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(10) {
-ms-grid-row : 3;
-ms-grid-column : 3;
}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(11) {
-ms-grid-row : 4;
-ms-grid-column : 3;
}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(12) {
-ms-grid-row : 5;
-ms-grid-column : 3;
}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(13) {
-ms-grid-row : 6;
-ms-grid-column : 3;
}
.media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(14) {
-ms-grid-row : 7;
-ms-grid-column : 3;
}
}
</style>
<!-- Shady DOM styles for media-slider -->
<style scope="media-slider-1">
.media-slider-1 .media-slider-container.media-slider {
position : relative;
}
.media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.media-slider {
display : none;
position : absolute;
top : 3rem;
right : 0;
left : 0;
height : 0;
overflow : hidden;
transition : height 0.2s ease;
}
.media-slider-1 .information-menu.media-slider {
position : absolute;
top : 0;
right : 0;
left : 0;
padding : 0;
height : 368px;
overflow-x : hidden;
font-size : 1.4rem;
background : #333;
}
.media-slider-1 .open.media-slider {
display : block;
}
.media-slider-1 .hidden.media-slider {
display : none;
}
.media-slider-1 .info-box.media-slider {
padding : 1rem;
}
@media (max-width: 889px) {
.media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.open.media-slider {
display : block;
height : 367px;
left : 4rem;
top : 0;
}
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.media-slider {
display : block;
}
.media-slider-1 .information-menu.media-slider {
left : 0;
z-index : 3;
height : auto;
min-height : 21rem;
background : #474747;
transform : translate(0, -100%);
transition : transform 0.2s ease;
}
.media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.open.media-slider {
height : 22rem;
}
.media-slider-1 .information-menu.open.media-slider {
transform : translate(0, 0);
}
.media-slider-1 .info-box.media-slider {
max-width : 1000px;
padding : 1.5rem 0;
margin : 0 auto;
}
}
</style>
<!-- Shady DOM styles for desktop-subnav -->
<style scope="desktop-subnav-1">
.desktop-subnav-1 ul.desktop-subnav {
position : relative;
z-index : 3;
padding : .8rem 0;
margin : 0;
font-size : 1.2rem;
text-transform : uppercase;
text-align : center;
background : #333;
}
.desktop-subnav-1 li.desktop-subnav {
display : inline-block;
padding : 0 15px;
}
.desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav {
text-decoration : none;
color : #aaa;
}
.desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav:hover,.desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav:active,.desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav:focus {
color : #fff;
}
.desktop-subnav-1 .donate.desktop-subnav svg.desktop-subnav {
width : 16px;
height : 16px;
vertical-align : -4px;
fill : #f00;
}
</style>
<!-- Shady DOM styles for signed-out-dropdown -->
<style scope="signed-out-dropdown-1">
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .nav-container.signed-out-dropdown {
position : relative;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 nav.signed-out-dropdown {
position : absolute;
right : 0;
z-index : 3;
overflow : hidden;
font-size : 1.6rem;
background-color : #333;
transition-property : top;
transition-duration : 0.2s;
transition-timing-function: ease;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown {
top : -1500px;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown {
transition-duration : 0.5s;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown {
max-width : 100vw;
overflow : auto;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 h3.signed-out-dropdown {
padding : 0.6rem 2rem;
margin : 0;
font-size : inherit;
overflow : hidden;
text-overflow : ellipsis;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 ul.signed-out-dropdown {
padding : 0.4rem 0 0.7rem 0;
margin : 0;
list-style : none;
max-height : calc(100vh - 7.2rem + 1px);
overflow : auto;
box-sizing : border-box;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .divider.signed-out-dropdown {
margin : 0.5rem 0;
border-bottom : 1px solid #666;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .info-item.signed-out-dropdown {
display : block;
color : #fff;
text-decoration : none;
padding : 1rem 2rem;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .info-item.signed-out-dropdown {
font-size : 0.8em;
color : #999;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .callout.signed-out-dropdown {
position : absolute;
margin-left : 10px;
padding : 0 5px;
border-radius : 2px;
background : #fee257;
color : #2c2c2c;
font-size : 1.4rem;
font-weight : bold;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.mobile-upload.signed-out-dropdown {
display : flex;
justify-content : left;
align-items : center;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.mobile-upload.signed-out-dropdown svg.signed-out-dropdown {
fill : #fff;
margin-right : 10px;
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.signed-out-dropdown-1 nav.signed-out-dropdown {
overflow : visible;
top : 0;
left : auto;
z-index : 5;
transition : opacity 0.2s ease-in-out;
font-size : 1.4rem;
border-radius : 2px;
background : #fff;
box-shadow : 0 1px 2px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 nav.signed-out-dropdown:after {
position : absolute;
right : 7px;
top : -7px;
width : 12px;
height : 7px;
box-sizing : border-box;
color : #fff;
content : "";
border-bottom : 7px solid currentColor;
border-left : 6px solid transparent;
border-right : 6px solid transparent;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 h3.signed-out-dropdown {
display : none;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 ul.signed-out-dropdown {
max-height : calc(100vh - 8.5rem + 1px);
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .divider.signed-out-dropdown {
border-bottom-color : #666;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown {
padding : 0.5rem 2rem;
color : #333;
transition : background 0.1s ease-out, color 0.1s ease-out;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .info-item.signed-out-dropdown {
padding : 0.5rem 2rem;
font-size : 0.8em;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown:hover,.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown:active,.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown:focus {
color : #fff;
background : #428bca;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown {
opacity : 0;
transition-duration : 0.2s;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown {
opacity : 1;
overflow : visible;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.mobile-upload.signed-out-dropdown {
display : none;
}
}
@media (min-width: 890px) {
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown {
right : 34rem;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.open.signed-out-dropdown {
right : 18.5rem;
}
}
@media (min-width: 990px) {
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown {
right : 40rem;
}
.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.open.signed-out-dropdown {
right : 24.5rem;
}
}
</style>
<!-- Shady DOM styles for ia-topnav -->
<style scope="ia-topnav-1">
.ia-topnav-1 {
;
color : #fff;
font-size : 2rem;
font-family : "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
.ia-topnav-1 primary-nav.ia-topnav:focus {
outline : none !important;
}
.ia-topnav-1 #close-layer.ia-topnav {
display : none;
position : fixed;
top : 0;
right : 0;
bottom : 0;
left : 0;
z-index : 0;
}
.ia-topnav-1 #close-layer.visible.ia-topnav {
display : block;
}
.ia-topnav-1 .topnav.ia-topnav {
position : relative;
z-index : 3;
}
@media (max-width: 889px) {
.ia-topnav-1 desktop-subnav.ia-topnav {
display : none;
}
}
</style>
<style>
body {
transition : opacity ease-in 0.2s;
}
body[unresolved] {
opacity : 0;
display : block;
overflow : hidden;
position : relative;
}
</style>
<ia-topnav class="x-scope ia-topnav-1" locallinks="true" waybackpagesarchived="866 billion">
<!---->
<div class="topnav style-scope ia-topnav">
<primary-nav class="style-scope ia-topnav x-scope primary-nav-1">
<!---->
<nav class="style-scope primary-nav">
<div class="branding style-scope primary-nav">
<a class="link-home style-scope primary-nav" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavHome" href="https://archive.org/" title="Go home">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
<svg aria-labelledby="logoTitleID logoDescID" class="ia-logo style-scope primary-nav" height="30" viewBox="0 0 27 30" width="27" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title class="style-scope primary-nav" id="logoTitleID">
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<path class="fill-color style-scope login-button" d="m20.7130435 18.0434783c-3.5658385 0-6.4565218-2.9198821-6.4565218-6.5217392 0-3.60185703 2.8906833-6.5217391 6.4565218-6.5217391s6.4565217 2.91988207 6.4565217 6.5217391c0 3.6018571-2.8906832 6.5217392-6.4565217 6.5217392zm-12.9130435 16.9565217c0-7.9240855 5.7813665-14.3478261 12.9130435-14.3478261s12.9130435 6.4237406 12.9130435 14.3478261z" fill-rule="evenodd">
</path>
</svg>
</a>
<span class="style-scope login-button">
<a class="style-scope login-button" href="https://archive.org/account/signup">
Sign up
</a>
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<a class="style-scope login-button" href="https://archive.org/account/login">
Log in
</a>
</span>
</div>
</login-button>
</div>
<media-menu class="style-scope primary-nav x-scope media-menu-1" tabindex="-1">
<!---->
<div class="media-menu-container closed style-scope media-menu">
<div class="overflow-clip style-scope media-menu">
<nav aria-expanded="false" aria-hidden="true" class="media-menu-inner style-scope media-menu">
<div class="menu-group style-scope media-menu">
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<!---->
<media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="web">
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<a class="menu-item web style-scope media-button" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuWeb" href="https://web.archive.org" title="Expand web menu">
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<span class="icon style-scope media-button">
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<svg aria-labelledby="webTitleID webDescID" class="style-scope media-button" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title class="style-scope media-button" id="webTitleID">
Web icon
</title>
<desc class="style-scope media-button" id="webDescID">
An illustration of a computer application window
</desc>
<path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m8 28.7585405v-8.1608108-9.3577297h24v9.3577297 8.1608108zm14.2702703-15.8863783h-12.43243246v2.6114594h12.43243246zm7.7837838 14.0365946v-7.0727027-1.8497838h-20.21621626v1.8497838 7.0727027zm-3.7837838-14.0365946h-2.7027027v2.6114594h2.7027027zm4 0h-2.7027027v2.6114594h2.7027027z" fill-rule="evenodd">
</path>
</svg>
</span>
<span class="label style-scope media-button">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
Wayback Machine
</span>
</a>
</media-button>
<!---->
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<media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="texts">
<!---->
<a class="menu-item texts style-scope media-button" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuTexts" href="https://archive.org/details/texts" title="Expand texts menu">
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<span class="icon style-scope media-button">
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<svg aria-labelledby="textsTitleID textsDescID" class="style-scope media-button" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title class="style-scope media-button" id="textsTitleID">
Texts icon
</title>
<desc class="style-scope media-button" id="textsDescID">
An illustration of an open book.
</desc>
<path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m10.3323235 11.0007023h6.9060825c.8851083 0 1.5847122.3064258 2.0988114.9192774v14.4324451h-.6460032c-.1435563-.120323-.3528315-.2434552-.6278257-.3693964-.2749942-.1259413-.5201585-.2191097-.7354929-.2795053l-.3048241-.1081503h-5.7042647c-.3108832 0-.5621067-.0601615-.7536705-.1804846-.0717781-.0599274-.1256117-.1439663-.1615008-.2521166-.0358891-.1081502-.0598928-.2043619-.0720112-.2886348v-13.8741368zm19.1752505 0v13.603761c-.0717781.3361555-.2211606.5943584-.4481473.7746089-.0717781.0599274-.1733862.1079162-.304824.1439663-.1314379.0360501-.2451643.0601615-.3411793.0723343h-5.5965975c-.9568865.2640552-1.5068748.5164059-1.649965.757052h-.6634817v-14.4324451c.5140992-.6128516 1.2076439-.9192774 2.0806339-.9192774h6.92426zm1.3814961.6489017-.1796783 15.2976474c-.0955489 0-1.0342578.0119386-2.8161268.035816-1.7818691.0238773-3.3006293.0898911-4.5562806.1980414-1.2556514.1081503-1.9613144.2884008-2.1169891.5407514-.0955488.1924233-.5439291.273419-1.345141.2429871-.8012118-.0304319-1.3155441-.1776755-1.5429969-.4417308-.334654-.3843783-3.4558378-.5765674-9.36355164-.5765674v-15.3875385l-.96830576.3960828v16.2702977c6.4096947-.2041278 9.7760429-.0840388 10.0990445.3602669.2391051.276228.9864833.414342 2.2421347.414342.1915638 0 .4187835-.0210682.6816593-.0632047s.4810068-.0870821.6543929-.1348367c.1733862-.0477547.2719646-.0838048.2957353-.1081503.0838965-.1563732.9599161-.2675666 2.6280587-.3335805 1.6681426-.0660138 3.3213703-.0931684 4.9596831-.0814638l2.4392915.0182591v-16.2344816z">
</path>
</svg>
</span>
<span class="label style-scope media-button">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
Books
</span>
</a>
</media-button>
<!---->
<!---->
<media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="video">
<!---->
<a class="menu-item video style-scope media-button" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuVideo" href="https://archive.org/details/movies" title="Expand video menu">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
<span class="icon style-scope media-button">
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<svg aria-labelledby="videoTitleID videoDescID" class="style-scope media-button" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title class="style-scope media-button" id="videoTitleID">
Video icon
</title>
<desc class="style-scope media-button" id="videoDescID">
An illustration of two cells of a film strip.
</desc>
<path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m31.0117647 12.0677966c0 .4067797-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.2711864-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.2823529-.6779661.7058823-.6779661h1.2705883c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067797-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.2711864-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.2823529-.6779661.7058823-.6779661h1.2705883c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067796-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.2711865-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.2823529-.6779661.7058823-.6779661h1.2705883c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.3898305c0 .4067797-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.2711864-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.2823529-.6779661.7058823-.6779661h1.2705883c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067796-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.2711865-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.2823529-.6779661.7058823-.6779661h1.2705883c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067796-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.2711865-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.2823529-.6779661.7058823-.6779661h1.2705883c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm-4.0941176-10.440678c0 .5423729-.4235295.9491525-.9882353.9491525h-11.5764706c-.5647059 0-.9882353-.4067796-.9882353-.9491525v-6.9152542c0-.5423729.4235294-.9491526.9882353-.9491526h11.5764706c.5647058 0 .9882353.4067797.9882353.9491526zm-.1411765 11.2542373c0 .5423729-.4235294.9491525-.9882353.9491525h-11.5764706c-.5647059 0-.9882353-.4067796-.9882353-.9491525v-6.9152542c0-.5423729.4235294-.9491526.9882353-.9491526h11.5764706c.5647059 0 .9882353.4067797.9882353.9491526zm-14.9647059-17.220339c0 .4067797-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.2711864-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067797-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.2711864-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067796-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.2711865-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.3898305c0 .4067797-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.2711864-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067796-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.2711865-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067796-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.2711865-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm20.0470588-20.4745763h-.8470588v.27118644.6779661c0 .40677966-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.27118644-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661-.27118644h-16.5176471v.27118644.6779661c0 .40677966-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.27118644-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661-.27118644h-1.12941176v24h1.12941176v-.2711864-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661v.6779661.2711864h16.6588235v-.2711864-.6779661c0-.4067797.282353-.6779661.7058824-.6779661h1.2705882c.4235294 0 .7058824.2711864.7058824.6779661v.6779661.2711864h.8470588v-24z" fill-rule="evenodd">
</path>
</svg>
</span>
<span class="label style-scope media-button">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
Video
</span>
</a>
</media-button>
<!---->
<!---->
<media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="audio">
<!---->
<a class="menu-item audio style-scope media-button" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuAudio" href="https://archive.org/details/audio" title="Expand audio menu">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
<span class="icon style-scope media-button">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
<svg aria-labelledby="audioTitleID audioDescID" class="style-scope media-button" height="40px" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40px" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title class="style-scope media-button" id="audioTitleID">
Audio icon
</title>
<desc class="style-scope media-button" id="audioDescID">
An illustration of an audio speaker.
</desc>
<g class="style-scope media-button" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke="none" stroke-width="1">
<g class="fill-color style-scope media-button" transform="translate(10, 8)">
<path class="style-scope media-button" d="M19.4264564,11.8585048 L19.4264564,20.7200433 C19.4264564,22.3657576 18.8838179,23.2519114 16.8489237,23.2519114 C12.2364969,23.125318 7.75972977,23.125318 3.14730298,23.2519114 C1.24806842,23.2519114 0.569770368,22.492351 0.569770368,20.7200433 L0.569770368,2.74377955 C0.569770368,1.09806526 1.11240881,0.211911416 3.14730298,0.211911416 C7.75972977,0.338504822 12.2364969,0.338504822 16.8489237,0.211911416 C18.7481583,0.211911416 19.4264564,0.971471855 19.4264564,2.74377955 C19.2907967,5.78202131 19.4264564,8.82026306 19.4264564,11.8585048 L19.4264564,11.8585048 Z M10.0659432,2.74377955 C8.16670861,2.74377955 6.67445288,4.13630702 6.67445288,5.90861471 C6.67445288,7.6809224 8.16670861,9.07344988 10.0659432,9.07344988 C11.9651777,9.07344988 13.4574335,7.6809224 13.4574335,5.90861471 C13.4574335,4.13630702 11.8295181,2.74377955 10.0659432,2.74377955 L10.0659432,2.74377955 Z M10.0659432,11.4787246 C7.21709133,11.4787246 5.04653754,13.6308125 5.04653754,16.1626806 C5.04653754,18.8211422 7.35275094,20.8466367 10.0659432,20.8466367 C12.914795,20.8466367 15.0853488,18.6945488 15.0853488,16.1626806 C15.0853488,13.6308125 12.7791354,11.4787246 10.0659432,11.4787246 L10.0659432,11.4787246 Z">
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<ellipse class="style-scope media-button" cx="10.2016028" cy="16.5690777" rx="1.35659611" ry="1.34075134">
</ellipse>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</span>
<span class="label style-scope media-button">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
Audio
</span>
</a>
</media-button>
<!---->
<!---->
<media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="software">
<!---->
<a class="menu-item software style-scope media-button" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuSoftware" href="https://archive.org/details/software" title="Expand software menu">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
<span class="icon style-scope media-button">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
<svg aria-labelledby="softwareTitleID softwareDescID" class="style-scope media-button" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title class="style-scope media-button" id="softwareTitleID">
Software icon
</title>
<desc class="style-scope media-button" id="softwareDescID">
An illustration of a 3.5" floppy disk.
</desc>
<path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m32 30.6900373v-21.44521088c0-.82988428-.4156786-1.24482642-1.2470357-1.24482642h-21.50592858c-.83135715 0-1.24703572.4221795-1.24703572 1.26653851v21.44521089c0 .8588337.41567857 1.2882506 1.24703572 1.2882506h21.48327168c.8458575 0 1.2687863-.4366542 1.2687863-1.3099627zm-5.9950155-20.4410268v6.114667c0 .6694561-.3428744 1.0041841-1.0286232 1.0041841h-10.1294464c-.2622159 0-.4773054-.0802141-.6452685-.2406423s-.2519447-.3642806-.2519447-.6115572v-6.1363791l.0217506-.1311772h12.0326259zm-4.9437353.8295827v5.0010178h3.0405558v-5.0010178zm-9.7134658 18.8035735v-7.753025c0-.5241057.1604108-.9025595.4812325-1.1353613.1897138-.1453504.4011782-.2180256.6343932-.2180256h14.7451099c.3208217 0 .5905898.1091636.8093044.3274907s.3280719.5023936.3280719.8521995v7.8181612l-.0217506.1094652h-16.9772676z">
</path>
</svg>
</span>
<span class="label style-scope media-button">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
Software
</span>
</a>
</media-button>
<!---->
<!---->
<media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="images">
<!---->
<a class="menu-item images style-scope media-button" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuImages" href="https://archive.org/details/image" title="Expand images menu">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
<span class="icon style-scope media-button">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
<svg aria-labelledby="imagesTitleID imagesDescID" class="style-scope media-button" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title class="style-scope media-button" id="imagesTitleID">
Images icon
</title>
<desc class="style-scope media-button" id="imagesDescID">
An illustration of two photographs.
</desc>
<path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m20.8219178 15.3769871c0 1.1136708-.8767123 1.8932404-1.8630137 1.8932404s-1.9726027-.8909367-1.9726027-1.8932404c0-1.0023038.8767123-1.8932404 1.9726027-1.8932404.9863014 0 1.8630137.8909366 1.8630137 1.8932404zm-5.9178082-3.7864808h15.4520548v6.0138225l-1.9726028-3.3410125-2.6301369 6.3479237-2.1917809-2.67281-6.1369863 5.1228859h-2.5205479zm-1.7534247-1.6705063v14.9231892h18.8493151v-14.9231892zm-2.9589041 7.2388604c.2191781 0 1.9726028-.3341012 1.9726028-.3341012v-2.0046075l-4.1643836.5568354c.43835616 4.7887846.87671233 9.9116704 1.31506849 14.700455 6.02739731-.5568354 13.26027401-1.5591391 19.39726031-2.1159746-.1095891-.5568354-.1095891-2.0046075-.2191781-2.67281-.4383562.1113671-1.4246575 0-1.8630137.1113671v.8909367c-5.1506849.4454683-10.3013699 1.1136708-15.4520548 1.6705062.109589-.111367-.5479452-7.0161262-.9863014-10.8026071z" fill-rule="evenodd">
</path>
</svg>
</span>
<span class="label style-scope media-button">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
Images
</span>
</a>
</media-button>
<!---->
<!---->
<media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="donate">
<!---->
<a class="menu-item donate style-scope media-button" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuDonate" href="https://archive.org/donate/" title="Expand donate menu">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
<span class="icon style-scope media-button">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
<svg aria-labelledby="donateTitleID donateDescID" class="style-scope media-button" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title class="style-scope media-button" id="donateTitleID">
Donate icon
</title>
<desc class="style-scope media-button" id="donateDescID">
An illustration of a heart shape
</desc>
<path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m30.0120362 11.0857287c-1.2990268-1.12627221-2.8599641-1.65258786-4.682812-1.57894699-.8253588.02475323-1.7674318.3849128-2.8262192 1.08047869-1.0587873.6955659-1.89622 1.5724492-2.512298 2.63065-.591311-1.0588196-1.4194561-1.9357029-2.4844351-2.63065-1.0649791-.69494706-2.0039563-1.05510663-2.8169316-1.08047869-1.2067699-.04950647-2.318187.17203498-3.3342513.66462439-1.0160643.4925893-1.82594378 1.2002224-2.42963831 2.1228992-.60369453.9226769-.91173353 1.9629315-.92411701 3.1207641-.03715043 1.9202322.70183359 3.7665141 2.21695202 5.5388457 1.2067699 1.4035084 2.912594 3.1606786 5.1174721 5.2715107 2.2048782 2.1108321 3.7565279 3.5356901 4.6549492 4.2745742.8253588-.6646243 2.355647-2.0647292 4.5908647-4.2003145s3.9747867-3.9171994 5.218707-5.3448422c1.502735-1.7723316 2.2355273-3.6186135 2.1983769-5.5388457-.0256957-1.7608832-.6875926-3.2039968-1.9866194-4.3302689z">
</path>
</svg>
</span>
<span class="label style-scope media-button">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
Donate
</span>
</a>
</media-button>
<!---->
<!---->
<media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="more">
<!---->
<a class="menu-item more style-scope media-button" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuMore" href="https://archive.org/about/" title="Expand more menu">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
<span class="icon style-scope media-button">
<!--?lit$365030956$-->
<svg aria-labelledby="ellipsesTitleID ellipsesDescID" class="style-scope media-button" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title class="style-scope media-button" id="ellipsesTitleID">
Ellipses icon
</title>
<desc class="style-scope media-button" id="ellipsesDescID">
An illustration of text ellipses.
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"intro": "Search #count badoo.com web pages using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the web pages.\n",
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"congress.gov": {
"intro": "Search #count congress.gov web pages using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, language, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the web pages.\n",
"more": " ",
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"covid": {
"intro": "Search #count web pages using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, HTTP Status codes and the full text of \u003ca href=\"http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/\"\u003ehttp://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"http://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/\"\u003ehttp://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"http://nmdc.cn/\"\u003ehttp://nmdc.cn/\u003c/a\u003e\n",
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"dcist.com": {
"intro": "Search #count dcist.com web pages using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, language, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the web pages.\n",
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"intro": "Search #count web pages using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, language, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the web pages.\n",
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"intro": "Search #count web pages using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, language, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the web pages.\n",
"more": " ",
"search_types": {
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"gov": {
"intro": "Search #count .gov web pages using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the web pages.\n",
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"title": ".gov web pages"
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"gov-pdf": {
"intro": "Search #count .gov PDF files using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, HTTP Status codes, Web Page Titles and all the text from the first page of PDF documents.\n",
"more": " ",
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"hk.appledaily.com": {
"intro": "Search #count hk.appledaily.com web pages using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the web pages.\n",
"more": " ",
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"hkcnews.com": {
"intro": "Search #count web pages using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, language, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the web pages.\n",
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"mediacloud": {
"intro": "Search #count news articles using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, language, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the articles.\n",
"more": " ",
"search_types": {
"default": "text",
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"title": "Media Cloud",
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"northkorea": {
"intro": "Search #count web pages using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, language, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the web pages.\n",
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},
"title": "North Korea",
"url": "https://archive.org/details/ArchiveIt-Collection-6777"
},
"nrc.gov": {
"intro": "Search #count nrc.gov PDF files using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the PDF documents.\n",
"more": " ",
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"title": "Nuclear Regulatory Commission Docs",
"url": "https://archive.org/details/nuclear-regulatory-commission-docs"
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"pastebin.com": {
"intro": "Search #count pastebin.com web pages using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, language, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the web pages.\n",
"more": " ",
"search_types": {
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"id": "text",
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"pdf": {
"intro": "Search #count PDF files using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, language, HTTP Status codes, Web Page Titles and all the text from the first two pages of PDF documents. Index last updated on 2023/05/31.\n",
"more": "",
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"options": [{
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"items": ["application/pdf"],
"title": "PDFs",
"type": "application/pdf"
}]
},
"title": "PDFs"
},
"poetry.com": {
"intro": "Search #count poetry.com web pages using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the web pages.\n",
"more": " ",
"search_types": {
"default": "text",
"horizontal_line_room": 1,
"options": [{
"icon": "iconochive-texts",
"id": "text",
"title": "Webpages",
"type": "text"
}]
},
"title": "poetry.com"
},
"presentations": {
"intro": "Search #count Presentations (MS Powerpoint, Apple Keynote, OpenOffice Impress) using an index built with the full text, anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, language and HTTP status codes. Index last updated on 12/10/2021.\n",
"more": " ",
"search_types": {
"default": "application",
"horizontal_line_room": 1,
"options": [{
"icon": "iconochive-texts",
"id": "application",
"title": "Presentations",
"type": "application"
}]
},
"title": "Presentations"
},
"realdonaldtrump": {
"intro": "Search #count Donald Trump\u0027s Tweets using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, language, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the web pages.\n",
"more": " ",
"search_types": {
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"title": "Webpages",
"type": "text"
}]
},
"title": "Donald Trump\u0027s Tweets"
},
"russian-independent-media": {
"intro": "Search #count Russian independent media news articles using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the articles.\n",
"more": " ",
"search_types": {
"default": "text",
"horizontal_line_room": 1,
"options": [{
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"id": "text",
"title": "Webpages"
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},
"showSeedsOption": 1,
"title": "Russian Independent Media Archive"
},
"scmp.com": {
"intro": "Search #count scmp.com web pages using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the web pages.\n",
"more": " ",
"search_types": {
"default": "text",
"horizontal_line_room": 1,
"options": [{
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"id": "text",
"title": "Webpages",
"type": "text"
}]
},
"title": "South China Morning Post (scmp.com)"
},
"telegram": {
"intro": "Search #count Telegram web pages using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the web pages.\n",
"title": "Telegram",
"url": "https://archive.org/details/archiveteam_telegram"
},
"themessenger.com": {
"intro": "Search #count themessenger.com web pages using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, language, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the web pages.\n",
"more": " ",
"search_types": {
"default": "text",
"horizontal_line_room": 1,
"options": [{
"icon": "iconochive-texts",
"id": "text",
"title": "Webpages",
"type": "text"
}]
},
"title": "themessenger.com"
},
"thestandnews.com": {
"intro": "Search #count thestandnews.com web pages using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the web pages.\n",
"more": " ",
"search_types": {
"default": "text",
"horizontal_line_room": 1,
"options": [{
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"id": "text",
"title": "Webpages",
"type": "text"
}]
},
"title": "thestandnews.com"
},
"time.com": {
"intro": "Search #count web pages using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, language, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the web pages.\n",
"more": " ",
"search_types": {
"default": "text",
"horizontal_line_room": 1,
"options": [{
"icon": "iconochive-texts",
"id": "text",
"title": "Webpages",
"type": "text"
}]
},
"title": "time.com"
},
"vice.com": {
"intro": "Search #count vice.com web pages using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the web pages.\n",
"more": " ",
"search_types": {
"default": "text",
"horizontal_line_room": 1,
"options": [{
"icon": "iconochive-texts",
"id": "text",
"title": "Webpages",
"type": "text"
}]
},
"title": "vice.com"
},
"zaman.com.tr": {
"intro": "Search #count zaman.com.tr news articles using an index built from anchor text, all URL parts (file names, hosts, domains), MIME Types, HTTP Status codes and the full text of the articles.\n",
"more": " ",
"search_types": {
"default": "text",
"horizontal_line_room": 1,
"options": [{
"icon": "iconochive-texts",
"id": "text",
"title": "Webpages",
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}]
},
"title": "zaman.com.tr"
}
}
}
},
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"url_thumb": "https://web.archive.org/thumb/{{item}}?generate=1"
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