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Online Articles Directory Tonga
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<h2 class="date-header">
<span>
Wednesday, October 19, 2016
</span>
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<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<a href="https://listnauru.blogspot.com/2016/10/xyloproct-5-0275-ointment.html">
Xyloproct 5% / 0.275% Ointment
</a>
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
<div class="post-header-line-1">
</div>
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<div class="contentBox">
<br>
<br>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h2>
</h2>
<p>
<br>
<b>
Xyloproct
<sup>
</sup>
5%/0.275% Ointment
</b>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
lidocaine, hydrocortisone acetate
</p>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start using this medicine.
</h3>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again.
</li>
<br>
<li>
If you have any further questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
</li>
<br>
<li>
This medicine has been prescribed for you. Do not pass it on to others. It may harm them, even if their symptoms are the same as yours.
</li>
<br>
<li>
If any of the side effects get serious, or if you notice any side effects not listed in this leaflet, please tell your doctor or pharmacist.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
In this leaflet:
</h3>
<br>
<ul class="listNoBullet">
<li>
1. What Xyloproct Ointment is and what it is used for
</li>
<br>
<li>
2. Before you use Xyloproct Ointment
</li>
<br>
<li>
3. How to use Xyloproct Ointment
</li>
<br>
<li>
4. Possible side effects
</li>
<br>
<li>
5. How to store Xyloproct Ointment
</li>
<br>
<li>
6. Further information
</li>
<br>
</ul>
</div>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h2>
What Xyloproct Ointment is and what it is used for
</h2>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
What Xyloproct Ointment is
</h3>
<br>
<p>
The name of your medicine is ‘Xyloproct 5%/0.275% Ointment’. It is referred to as ‘Xyloproct Ointment’ in the rest of this leaflet.
</p>
<br>
<p>
Xyloproct Ointment contains two medicines: lidocaine and hydrocortisone.
</p>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
Lidocaine (sometimes known as lignocaine) belongs to a group of medicines called local anaesthetics.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Hydrocortisone belongs to a group of medicines called corticosteroids.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
What Xyloproct Ointment is used for
</h3>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
Xyloproct Ointment can be used to relieve itching around the back passage (anus) or female private parts (genitals).
</li>
<br>
<li>
It can also be used to relieve the symptoms of piles (haemorrhoids) and other problems that affect the back passage. These symptoms include pain and inflammation.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
</div>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h2>
Before you use Xyloproct Ointment
</h2>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Do not use Xyloproct Ointment if:
</h3>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
You are allergic (hypersensitive) to lidocaine or hydrocortisone or any of the other ingredients of Xyloproct Ointment (listed in Section 6: Further information).
</li>
<br>
<li>
You have ever had an allergic reaction to other local anaesthetics or to other corticosteroid medicines.
</li>
<br>
<li>
You have an infection where the ointment is going to be put and the infection is not being treated.
</li>
<br>
<li>
You are not in hospital and you are taking medicines for an uneven heart beat (such as amiodarone or sotalol).
</li>
<br>
</ul>
<p>
Do not use Xyloproct Ointment if any of the above apply to you. If you are not sure, talk to your doctor or pharmacist before using Xyloproct Ointment.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Take special care with Xyloproct Ointment
</h3>
<br>
<p>
Check with your doctor or pharmacist before using Xyloproct Ointment if:
</p>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
Your skin is very thin or fragile where the ointment is going to be put.
</li>
<br>
<li>
You have an infection where the ointment is going to be put. If this applies to you, your doctor may ask you to use another medicine as well as Xyloproct Ointment.
</li>
<br>
<li>
You have ever been told that you have a rare disease of the blood pigment called ‘porphyria’ or anyone in your family has it.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Taking other medicines
</h3>
<br>
<p>
Please tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, or have recently taken, any other medicines. This includes medicines that you buy without a prescription and herbal medicines. This is because Xyloproct Ointment can affect the way some medicines work and some medicines can have an effect on Xyloproct Ointment.
</p>
<br>
<p>
In particular, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking or using any of the following medicines:
</p>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
Medicines for an uneven heart beat (such as amiodarone or sotalol).
</li>
<br>
<li>
Other local anaesthetics.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Pregnancy and breast-feeding
</h3>
<br>
<p>
Talk to your doctor before using Xyloproct Ointment if you are pregnant, may become pregnant or are breast-feeding.
</p>
<br>
<p>
Your doctor will decide if you can use Xyloproct Ointment during this time.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h2>
How to use Xyloproct Ointment
</h2>
<br>
<p>
Always use Xyloproct Ointment exactly as your doctor has told you. You should check with your doctor or pharmacist if you are not sure. Always wash your hands well before and after using this medicine.
</p>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
How much Xyloproct Ointment to use
</h3>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
Your doctor will tell you how much ointment to use and how often to use it.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Usually the ointment should be put on the affected area several times a day.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Up to 6 g (grams) of ointment can be used each day. This is about a third of a tube.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
How long to use Xyloproct Ointment for
</h3>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
Xyloproct Ointment should only be used for limited periods of time.
</li>
<br>
<li>
With longer periods of treatment (up to 3 weeks) your doctor may suggest that you have a break from treatment, especially if you are getting irritation around or inside where the ointment is applied.
</li>
<br>
<li>
If you get irritation, your doctor may do a patch test to see if it is being caused by Xyloproct Ointment.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Using the applicator
</h3>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
The ointment comes with an applicator. Your doctor will tell you if you need to use this.
</li>
<br>
<li>
If your doctor tells you to use the applicator, be careful not to put too much ointment inside the back passage, especially if it is being given to a child.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Clean the applicator very well after each use.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
If you use more Xyloproct Ointment than you should
</h3>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
If you use too much ointment talk to your doctor as soon as possible.
</li>
<br>
<li>
It is particularly important to talk to your doctor as soon as possible if a child has been given too much ointment.
<br>
This is because fits have sometimes happened in children who have been given too much.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
</div>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h2>
Possible side effects
</h2>
<br>
<p>
Like all medicines, Xyloproct Ointment can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them.
</p>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Stop using Xyloproct Ointment and talk to your doctor straight away if you notice any of the following – you may need urgent medical treatment:
</h3>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
Sudden onset of rash, itching or hives on the skin.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Swelling of the face, lips, tongue or other parts of the body.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Shortness of breath, wheezing or trouble breathing.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
<p>
This may mean that you are having an allergic reaction.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Stop using Xyloproct Ointment and talk to your doctor if you notice any of the following:
</h3>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
Soreness in your back passage.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Bleeding from your back passage.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Other possible side effects:
</h3>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
Redness, swelling and itching where Xyloproct Ointment has been put on your body.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
</div>
<br>
<p>
If any of the side effects get serious, or if you notice any side effects not listed in this leaflet, please tell your doctor or pharmacist.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h2>
How to store Xyloproct Ointment
</h2>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
The ointment should be kept in a safe place where children cannot reach and see it.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Xyloproct Ointment can be stored between 2°C and 8°C (in a refrigerator).
</li>
<br>
<li>
When you start using the ointment, the tube can be stored at room temperature (up to 25°C) for up to 2 months. Any remaining ointment should then be discarded.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Do not use Xyloproct Ointment after the expiry date which is stated on the tube.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Medicines should not be disposed of via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medicines that are no longer required. This will help to protect the environment.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h2>
Further information
</h2>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
What Xyloproct Ointment contains
</h3>
<br>
<p>
The active substances in Xyloproct Ointment are lidocaine and hydrocortisone acetate. Each gram of Xyloproct Ointment contains 50 mg (milligrams) of lidocaine and 2.75 mg of hydrocortisone acetate.
</p>
<br>
<p>
The other ingredients are zinc oxide, aluminium acetate, stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, purified water and macrogol (3350 and 400).
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
What Xyloproct Ointment looks like and contents of the pack
</h3>
<br>
<p>
Xyloproct Ointment is white to slightly yellow in colour. It comes in an aluminium tube that contains 20 g (grams) of the ointment. An applicator is provided.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Marketing Authorisation Holder and Manufacturer
</h3>
<br>
<p>
The Marketing Authorisation for Xyloproct Ointment is held by
</p>
<br>
<div class="addressBlock" lang="en">
<br>
<div class="addressElement">
AstraZeneca UK Limited
</div>
<br>
<div class="addressElement">
600 Capability Green
</div>
<br>
<div class="addressElement">
Luton
</div>
<br>
<div class="addressElement">
LU1 3LU
</div>
<br>
<div class="addressElement">
UK
</div>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<p>
Xyloproct Ointment is manufactured by
</p>
<br>
<div class="addressBlock" lang="sv">
<br>
<div class="addressElement">
AstraZeneca AB
</div>
<br>
<div class="addressElement">
S-151 85
</div>
<br>
<div class="addressElement">
Södertälje
</div>
<br>
<div class="addressElement">
Sweden
</div>
<br>
</div>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<p>
To listen to or request a copy of this leaflet in Braille, large print or audio please call, free of charge:
</p>
<br>
<p>
0800 198 5000 (UK only)
</p>
<br>
<p>
Please be ready to give the following information:
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<b>
Product name Xyloproct Ointment
</b>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
Reference number 17901/0179
</p>
<br>
<p>
This is a service provided by the Royal National Institute of Blind People.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<p>
Leaflet prepared: October 2009
</p>
<br>
<p>
© AstraZeneca 2009
</p>
<br>
<p>
Xyloproct is a trade mark of the AstraZeneca group of companies.
</p>
<br>
<p>
PAI 09 0049
</p>
<br>
<br>
<p>
48 076 00 28
</p>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
</div>
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<a href="https://listnauru.blogspot.com/2016/10/kentera-oxybutynin-transdermal-patch.html">
Kentera oxybutynin transdermal patch
</a>
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
<div class="post-header-line-1">
</div>
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<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-8424370585941158124" itemprop="description articleBody">
<div class="contentBox">
<br>
<br>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h2>
</h2>
<p>
<br>
<b>
Kentera 3.9 mg / 24 hours transdermal patch
</b>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
Oxybutynin
</p>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start using Kentera
</h3>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again.
</li>
<br>
<li>
If you have further questions, please ask your doctor or your pharmacist.
</li>
<br>
<li>
This medicine has been prescribed for you .Do not pass it on to others. It may harm them even if their symptoms are the same as yours.
</li>
<br>
<li>
If any of the side effects gets serious, or if you notice any side effects not listed in this leaflet, please tell your doctor or pharmacist.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
<br>
In this leaflet:
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
1. What Kentera is and what it is used for
<br>
<br>
2. Before you use Kentera
<br>
<br>
3. How to use Kentera
<br>
<br>
4. Possible side effects
<br>
<br>
5. How to store Kentera
<br>
<br>
6. Further Information
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h2>
What Kentera Is And What It Is Used For
</h2>
<br>
<p>
Kentera is used in adults to control the symptoms of urge incontinence and/or increased urinary frequency and urgency.
</p>
<br>
<p>
Kentera works by allowing the bladder to expand and accommodate more urine.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h2>
Before You Use Kentera
</h2>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Do not use Kentera:
</h3>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
If you are hypersensitive (allergic) to oxybutynin or any of the ingredients of Kentera.
</li>
<br>
<li>
If you have a rare condition called myasthenia gravis that makes the muscles in the body become weak and tire easily.
</li>
<br>
<li>
If you experience incomplete bladder emptying during urination, the use of oxybutynin may increase this problem. You should discuss this problem with your doctor before using Kentera.
</li>
<br>
<li>
If you have digestion problems caused by reduced emptying of the stomach after a meal you should consult your doctor before using Kentera.
</li>
<br>
<li>
If you have glaucoma or a family history of glaucoma, tell your doctor.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Take special care with Kentera:
</h3>
<br>
<p>
If you have any of the following:
</p>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
Liver problems
</li>
<br>
<li>
Kidney problems
</li>
<br>
<li>
Difficulty urinating
</li>
<br>
<li>
Intestinal blockage
</li>
<br>
<li>
Bloody stools
</li>
<br>
<li>
Generalized muscle weakness
</li>
<br>
<li>
Painful swallowing
</li>
<br>
</ul>
<p>
Since treatment with oxybutynin may cause decreased perspiration, there is an increased risk of fever and heat stroke if you are exposed to high environmental temperatures.
</p>
<br>
<p>
Kentera is not recommended for use in children or adolescents.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Taking other medicines
</h3>
<br>
<p>
Please tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking or have recently taken any other medicines, including medicines obtained without a prescription.
</p>
<br>
<p>
Applying the Kentera patch at the same time as taking other medicines that have similar side effects such as dry mouth, constipation and drowsiness, may increase how often and how severe these side effects are experienced.
</p>
<br>
<p>
Oxybutynin may slow the digestive tract and thereby influence the adsorption of other oral medicines, or the use of this medicine together with other medicines may increase the effect of oxybutynin. Especially:-
</p>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
Ketoconasole, itraconazole or fluconazole (used for the treatment of fungal infections).
</li>
<br>
<li>
Erythromycin a macrolide antibiotic (used to treat bacterial infections).
</li>
<br>
<li>
Biperiden, levodopa, or amantadine (used to treat Parkinson’s disease).
</li>
<br>
<li>
Antihistamines (used in the treatment of allergies such as hayfever).
</li>
<br>
<li>
Phenothiazines or clozapine (used to treat mental illness).
</li>
<br>
<li>
Tricyclic antidepressants (used to treat depression).
</li>
<br>
<li>
Dipyridamole (used to treat blood clotting problems)
</li>
<br>
<li>
Atropine and other anticholinergic medicines (used to treatment in stomach disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome).
</li>
<br>
</ul>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Using Kentera with food and drink
</h3>
<br>
<p>
Oxybutynin may cause drowsiness or blurred vision. Drowsiness may be increased by consumption of alcohol.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Pregnancy and breast-feeding
</h3>
<br>
<p>
Ask your doctor for advice before taking any medicine.
</p>
<br>
<p>
Kentera should not to be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary.
</p>
<br>
<p>
When oxybutynin is used during breast-feeding, a small amount is excreted in the mother’s milk. Use of oxybutynin while breast-feeding is therefore not recommended.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Driving and using machines:
</h3>
<br>
<p>
Because Kentera may produce drowsiness, somnolence, or blurred vision, patients should be advised to exercise caution when driving or using machinery.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h2>
How To Use Kentera
</h2>
<br>
<p>
Always use Kentera exactly as your doctor has instructed you. You should check with your doctor or pharmacist if you are not sure.
</p>
<br>
<p>
Apply a new Kentera patch twice weekly (every 3 to 4 days) according to the instructions for use. Change the patch on the same two days every week, for example, every Sunday and Wednesday or Monday and Thursday. Printed on the inside flap of your Kentera package, you will find a Kentera calendar checklist that will help you to remember your dosing schedule. Mark the schedule you plan to follow and remember always to change your patch on the same two days of the week you have chosen on your calendar. Make sure to wear only one patch at a time and wear your patch continuously, until it is time to apply a new one.
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<u>
Where to apply
</u>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
Apply the patch to a clean, dry, smooth area of skin on your abdomen, hips or buttocks. Avoid placing the patch in the waistline area to prevent tight clothing from rubbing against the patch. Do not expose the patch the sun. Place the patch underneath your clothing. Rotate application sites with each new application. Do not apply a patch to the same place on your body for at least 1 week.
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<u>
How to apply
</u>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
Each patch is individually sealed in a protective sachet. Please read all the information below before you begin to apply Kentera.
</p>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
To apply Kentera:
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<b>
Step 1: Choose a spot for the patch that is:
</b>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
Freshly washed, but dry and cool (wait a few minutes after taking a hot bath or shower).
</li>
<br>
<li>
Free of body powder, lotion, and oil.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Free of cuts, rashes or any other skin irritation.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
<p>
<br>
<b>
Step 2: Open the sachet that contains the patch.
</b>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
Tear open along arrows marked on the right side of the sachet as shown in drawing below.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Do not cut the sachet with scissors, which might damage the patch inside.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Pull the patch out.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Apply immediately to your skin; do not keep or store the patch outside the sealed sachet.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
<p>
<br>
<b>
Step 3: Apply one half of the patch to your skin.
</b>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
Gently bend the patch and remove the first piece of protective liner, which covers the sticky surface of the patch.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Without touching the sticky surface, firmly press the patch, adhesive face down, onto the part of the abdomen, hips or buttocks you have selected for application.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
<p>
<br>
<b>
Step 4: Apply the second half of the patch to your skin.
</b>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<ul class="listStandard">
<li>
Bend the patch back over itself. Press down on the liner firmly.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Push the liner forward a little to loosen the edge.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Grab the loose edge at either corner and peel off the second piece of the liner. Try not to touch the sticky surface of the patch.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Press the entire patch firmly onto the skin with your fingertips. Press for at least 10 seconds to make sure the patch will stay in place. Be sure all of it sticks to your skin, even around the edges.
</li>
<br>
<li>
Discard the protective liners.
</li>
<br>
</ul>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Bathing, showering, swimming and exercise:
</h3>
<br>
<p>
You should wear each patch all the time until you apply a new one. Baths, showers, swimming and exercise should not affect the patch as long as you don’t rub the patch as you wash. Avoid soaking in a hot bath for a long period of time, which can make the patch come off.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
If the patch comes off:
</h3>
<br>
<p>
If the patch starts to lift off your skin, apply a little bit of pressure using your fingertips. The patch is designed to re-stick. Very rarely will the patch come off completely. If it does, try putting the same patch back on the same spot. If it sticks firmly all over, leave it on. If not, take it off and put a new patch on a new spot. No matter what day this happens, continue with the twice-a-week schedule that you have marked on your patch box.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
If you forget to change the patch after 3-4 days:
</h3>
<br>
<p>
As soon as you remember, remove the old patch and apply a new one to a new spot on your abdomen, hips or buttocks. No matter what day this happens, continue with the same twice-a-week schedule for your next patch, even if it means changing the new patch before 3 to 4 days have elapsed.
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<u>
How to remove
</u>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
When changing the patch, remove the old patch slowly. Fold it in half (sticky sides together) and throw it away to keep out of the reach of children and pets. Mild redness may be present at the application site. This redness should disappear within several hours after removal of the patch. If irritation persists, please contact your doctor.
</p>
<br>
<p>
Gently washing the application site with warm water and a mild soap should remove any adhesive that remains on your skin after removal of the patch. A small amount of baby oil may also be used to remove any excess residue. Rings of adhesive that become soiled may require a medical adhesive removal pad that should be available from your pharmacist. Alcohol or other strong solvents may cause skin irritation and should not be used.
</p>
<br>
<p>
After use the patch still contains substantial quantities of active ingredients. Remaining active ingredients of the patch may have harmful effects if reaching the aquatic environment. Hence, after removal, the used patch should be folded in half, adhesive side inwards so that the release membrane is not exposed, placed in the original sachet and then discarded safely out of reach of children. Any used or unused patches should be discarded according to local requirements or returned to the pharmacy. Used patches should not be flushed down the toilet nor placed in liquid waste disposal systems
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
If you use more Kentera than you should
</h3>
<br>
<p>
The patient should not apply more than one patch at a time.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
If you forget to use Kentera
</h3>
<br>
<p>
Apply a Kentera patch as soon as you realise your patch is missing, or you have missed a scheduled day of application.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
If you stop using Kentera
</h3>
<br>
<p>
Your urge incontinence may return and you may have increased urinary frequency if you decide to stop using the patch. Continue to use Kentera as long as your doctor tells you to.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<p>
Talk to your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions on the use of this medical product.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h2>
Possible Side Effects
</h2>
<br>
<p>
Like all medicines Kentera can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them.
</p>
<br>
<p>
The frequency of possible side effects listed below is defined using the following convention:
</p>
<br>
<p>
Very common (affects more than 1 user in 10)
</p>
<br>
<p>
Common (affects 1 to 10 users in 100)
</p>
<br>
<p>
Uncommon (affects 1 to 10 users in 1,000)
</p>
<br>
<p>
Rare (affects 1 to 10 users in 10,000)
</p>
<br>
<p>
Very rare (affects less than 1 user in 10,000)
</p>
<br>
<p>
Not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data).
</p>
<br>
<p>
Very common side effect: itching around the site of patch application.
</p>
<br>
<p>
Common side effects:
</p>
<br>
<p>
redness or rash at the site of patch application
</p>
<br>
<p>
dry mouth
</p>
<br>
<p>
constipation
</p>
<br>
<p>
diarrhoea
</p>
<br>
<p>
upset stomach
</p>
<br>
<p>
stomach pain
</p>
<br>
<p>
headache or sleepiness
</p>
<br>
<p>
urinary tract infections
</p>
<br>
<p>
blurred vision
</p>
<br>
<p>
dizziness
</p>
<br>
<p>
Uncommon side effects:
</p>
<br>
<p>
upper respiratory tract or fungal infections
</p>
<br>
<p>
palpitations
</p>
<br>
<p>
hot flushes
</p>
<br>
<p>
back pain
</p>
<br>
<p>
urinary retention
</p>
<br>
<p>
difficulty urinating
</p>
<br>
<p>
common cold
</p>
<br>
<p>
accidental injury
</p>
<br>
<p>
If any of the side effects get serious, or if you notice any side effects not listed in the leaflet, please tell your doctor.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h2>
Storing Kentera
</h2>
<br>
<p>
Keep out of the reach and sight of children.
</p>
<br>
<p>
Do not use Kentera after the date shown on the sachet and the carton
</p>
<br>
<p>
Do not refrigerate.
</p>
<br>
<p>
Do not freeze.
</p>
<br>
<p>
The used patches should be folded in half, adhesive side inwards so that the release membrane is not exposed, placed in the original sachet and then discarded safely out of the reach of children. Any used or unused patches should be discarded according to local requirements or returned to the pharmacy. Used patches should not be flushed down the toilet nor placed in liquid waste disposal systems.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h2>
Further Information
</h2>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
What Kentera contains
</h3>
<br>
<p>
The active substance is oxybutynin. Each transdermal patch releases 3.9 mg of oxybutynin per 24 hours. Each patch of 39cm
<sup>
2
</sup>
contains 36mg of oxybutynin.
</p>
<br>
<p>
The other ingredients are: Each patch contains triacetin, and acrylic adhesive solution. The oxybutynin, triacetin and acrylic adhesive are coated on clear PET/EVA backing film and covered with a siliconised polyester release liner.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
What Kentera looks like and contents of the pack
</h3>
<br>
<p>
Kentera is a transdermal patch and it is packaged in cartons containing 2, 8, and 24 patches. Each patch consists of a clear backing film that has the pharmaceutical ingredients coated on the side containing the protective backing film. The backing film is to be removed prior to patch application.
</p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="section">
<br>
<h3>
Marketing Authorisation Holder and Manufacturer
</h3>
<br>
<div class="addressBlock" lang="ga">
<br>
<div class="addressElement">
Nicobrand Limited
</div>
<br>
<div class="addressElement">
189 Castleroe Road
</div>
<br>
<div class="addressElement">
Coleraine
</div>
<br>
<div class="addressElement">
BT51 3RP
</div>
<br>
<div class="addressElement">
Northern Ireland
</div>
<br>
</div>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<p>
For any information about this medicine, please contact the local representative of the Marketing Authorisation Holder.
</p>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<div class="addressInline" lang="en">
<br>
<div class="addressElement">
<b>
<br>
<b>
United Kingdom
</b>
<br>
</b>
</div>
<br>
Recordati Pharmaceuticals
<br>
<br>
Isis House
<br>
<br>
43 Station Rd
<br>
<br>
Henley on Thames
<br>
<br>
OXON
<br>
<br>
RG9 1AT
<br>
<br>
Tel: 01491 576336
<br>
</div>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<b>
This leaflet was approved in 12/2009
</b>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
Detailed information on this medicine is available on the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) web site: http://www.emea.europa.eu
</p>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
</div>
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<a href="https://listnauru.blogspot.com/2016/10/kefadim-vials.html">
Kefadim Vials
</a>
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
<div class="post-header-line-1">
</div>
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<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-7256078630398217078" itemprop="description articleBody">
<div class="contentBox">
<br>
<br>
<br>
<h2>
<br>
1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
<br>
</h2>
<br>
<p>
<br>
'Kefadim'.
<br>
</p>
<h2>
</h2>
<h2>
<br>
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
<br>
</h2>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 160px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 201px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 71px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 83px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Vial Size
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 71px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 160px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 201px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 71px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
500mg
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 83px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
1g
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 71px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
2g
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 160px; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Active constituent
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 201px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 71px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 83px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 71px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 160px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 201px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Ceftazidime pentahydrate
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 71px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
580mg
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 83px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
1.16g
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 71px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
2.33g
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 160px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 201px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
equivalent to ceftazidime
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 71px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
500mg
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 83px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
1.0g
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 71px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
2.0g
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 160px; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Other constituents
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 201px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 71px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 83px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 71px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 160px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 201px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Sodium carbonate
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 71px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
59mg
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 83px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
118mg
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 71px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
236mg
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>
<br>
3. Pharmaceutical Form
<br>
</h2>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Powder for solution for injection
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h2>
<br>
4. Clinical Particulars
<br>
</h2>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Kefadim is indicated in the treatment of the following infections when due to susceptible micro- organisms:
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Lower respiratory tract infections
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Skin and soft tissue infections
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Bone and joint infections
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Urinary tract infections
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Gynaecological infections
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Intra-abdominal infections, including peritonitis
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Septicaemia
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Central nervous system infections, including meningitis. In meningitis, it is recommended that the results of a sensitivity test are known before treatment with ceftazidime as a single agent.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Kefadim may be used alone in cases of confirmed or suspected sepsis. It may also be used concomitantly with other antibiotics, such as aminoglycosides, in severe and life-threatening infections and in the immunocompromised patient.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Ceftazidime may be given intravenously or by deep intramuscular injection into a large muscle mass (such as the upper outer quadrant of the gluteus maximus, or lateral part of the thigh).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
The guidelines for dosage of Kefadim are listed in
<i>
Table 1.
</i>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Table 1:
</i>
<b>
Recommended Dosage Schedule for Kefadim
</b>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 324px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
DOSE
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 102px; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
FREQUENCY
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 324px; ">
<br>
<p style="text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Adults
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 102px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 324px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Usual recommended dose
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
1g IV or im
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 102px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
q 8 or 12 h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 324px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Uncomplicated urinary tract infections
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
250mg IV or im
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 102px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
q 12 h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 324px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Bone and joint infections
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
2g IV
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 102px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
q 12 h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 324px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Complicated urinary tract infections
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
500mg IV or im
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 102px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
q 8 or 12 h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 324px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Uncomplicated pneumonia; mild skin and skin-structure infections
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
500mg-1g IV or im
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 102px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
q 8 h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 324px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Serious gynaecological and intra-abdominal infections
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
2g IV
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 102px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
q 8 h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 324px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Meningitis
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
2g IV
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 102px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
q 8 h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 324px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Very severe life-threatening infections, especially in immunocompromised patients
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
2g IV
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 102px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
q 8 h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 324px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Pseudomonal lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis with normal renal function*
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
30-50mg/kg IV to a maximum of 6g/day
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 102px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
q 8 h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 324px; ">
<br>
<p style="text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Neonates and children up to 2 months
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
12.5-30mg/kg IV
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 102px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
q 12 h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 324px; ">
<br>
<p style="text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Infants and children (2 months to 12 years of age)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
17-50mg/kg IV to a maximum of 6g/day**
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 102px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
q 8 h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<br>
*Although clinical improvement has been shown, complete eradication of infecting organisms cannot be expected in patients with chronic respiratory disease and cystic fibrosis.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
**The higher dose should be reserved for immunocompromised children or children with cystic fibrosis or meningitis.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Adults and the elderly:
</i>
The usual dosage range for ceftazidime is 500mg to 2g every eight to twelve hours. The dosage and route of administration should be determined by the susceptibility of the causative organisms, the severity of infection, and the condition and renal function of the patient.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In view of the reduced clearance of ceftazidime in acutely ill elderly patients, the daily dosage should not normally exceed 2g, especially in those over 80 years of age (
<i>
Table 2
</i>
).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Infants and children over 2 months of age:
</i>
The dosage range is 50-150mg/kg/day IV, in three divided doses, with a maximum of 6g/day. The higher dose should be reserved for immunocompromised children, or children with cystic fibrosis or meningitis.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Neonates and children up to 2 months of age:
</i>
The dosage range is 25 to 60mg/kg/day, given as two divided doses. In the neonate, the serum half-life of ceftazidime can be three to four times that in adults.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Dosage in impaired renal function:
</i>
Ceftazidime is excreted by the kidneys, almost exclusively by glomerular filtration. Therefore, in patients with impaired renal function (GFR <50ml/min), it is recommended that the dose of ceftazidime should be reduced to compensate for its slower excretion. In patients with suspected renal insufficiency, an initial loading dose of 1g may be given. An estimate of GFR should be made to determine the appropriate maintenance dose. The recommended dosage is shown in
<i>
Table 2.
</i>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Table 2:
</i>
<b>
Recommended Maintenance Dosage of Kefadim in Patients with Renal Insufficiency
</b>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 182px; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
CREATININE CLEARANCE (ML/MIN)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 182px; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
RECOMMENDED DOSE OF KEFADIM
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 187px; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
FREQUENCY
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 182px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
50-31
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 182px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
1g
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 187px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
q 12 h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 182px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
30-16
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 182px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
1g
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 187px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
q 24 h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 182px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
15-6
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 182px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
500mg
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 187px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
q 24 h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 182px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<5
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 182px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
500mg
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 187px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
q 48 h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<br>
When only serum creatinine is available, the following formula (Cockcroft's equation) may be used to estimate creatinine clearance. The serum creatinine should represent a steady state of renal function:
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="font-style: italic">
<br>
Males:
<br>
</p>
<br>
<br>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 664px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="font-style: italic">
<br>
Females:
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
0.85 x above value
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In patients with severe infections who would normally receive 6g of Kefadim daily, were it not for renal insufficiency, the dose in
<i>
Table 2
</i>
may be increased by 50% or the dosing frequency increased appropriately. Continued dosage should be determined by further monitoring of creatinine clearance, severity of the infection, and susceptibility of the causative organism. In such patients, it is recommended that ceftazidime serum levels should be monitored and trough levels should not exceed 40mg/litre.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In children, as for adults, the creatinine clearance should be adjusted for body surface area or lean body mass and the dosing frequency reduced in cases of renal insufficiency.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
The serum half-life of ceftazidime during haemodialysis ranges from 3 to 5 hours.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In patients undergoing haemodialysis, a loading dose of 1g of Kefadim is recommended, followed by 1g after each haemodialysis period. Kefadim can also be used in patients undergoing intraperitoneal and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). In such patients, a loading dose of 1g of Kefadim may be given, followed by 500mg every 24 hours. In addition to intravenous use, Kefadim can be incorporated in the dialysis fluid at a concentration of 250mg for 2 litres of dialysis fluid.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
NOTE: Kefadim should generally be continued for 2 days after the signs and symptoms of infection have disappeared, however, in complicated infections, longer therapy may be required.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Intramuscular administration:
</i>
Kefadim should be reconstituted with Water for Injections PhEur or 0.5% or 1% Lignocaine Hydrochloride Injection BP. Refer to
<i>
Table 3
</i>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Table 3:
</i>
<b>
Preparation of Solutions of Kefadim
</b>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 112px; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
AMOUNT OF DILUENT TO BE ADDED (ML)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 136px; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
APPROXIMATE AVAILABLE VOLUME (ML)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
APPROXIMATE CEFTAZIDIME CONCENTRATION (MG/ML)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Intramuscular
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 112px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 136px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
500mg
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 112px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
1.5
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 136px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
1.925
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
260
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
1g
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 112px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
3.0
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 136px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
3.85
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
260
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Intravenous
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 112px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 136px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
500mg
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 112px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
5
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 136px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
5.425
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
92
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
1g
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 112px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
10
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 136px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
10.85
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
92
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
2g
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 112px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
10
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 136px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
11.7
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
170
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Infusion (100ml)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 112px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 136px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
2g
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 112px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
100*
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 136px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
101.7
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 152px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
20
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<br>
*Note: Addition should be in 2 stages (see 'Instructions for reconstitution' below).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Intravenous administration:
</i>
For direct intermittent intravenous administration, reconstitute Kefadim with Water for Injections PhEur (see
<i>
Table 3)
</i>
. Slowly inject the solution directly into the vein over a period of 3 to 5 minutes or give through the tubing of a giving set. Ceftazidime is compatible with the most commonly used intravenous fluids (see section 6.6).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
For intravenous infusion, reconstitute the 2g infusion (100ml) vial with 100ml Water for Injections PhEur or one of the compatible intravenous fluids. Alternatively, reconstitute the 500mg, 1g or 2g vial and add an appropriate quantity of the resulting solution to an IV container with one of the compatible intravenous fluids.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Intermittent intravenous infusion with a Y-type giving set can be accomplished with compatible solutions. However, during infusion of a solution containing ceftazidime, it is desirable to discontinue the other solution.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
When Kefadim is dissolved, carbon dioxide is released and a positive pressure develops. For ease of use, please follow the recommended techniques of reconstitution described below.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="font-style: italic">
<br>
Instructions for reconstitution:
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
For 500mg im/IV, 1g im/IV and 2g IV vials
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
1. Inject the diluent and shake well to dissolve. The vials may contain a vacuum to assist injection of the diluent.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
2. Carbon dioxide is released as the antibiotic dissolves, generating pressure within the vial. The solution will become clear within 1 to 2 minutes.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
3. Invert the vial and completely depress the syringe plunger prior to insertion.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
4. Insert the needle through the vial stopper. Be sure the needle remains within the solution and withdraw contents of the vial in the usual manner. Pressure in the vial may aid withdrawal.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
5. The withdrawn solution may contain carbon dioxide bubbles, which should be expelled from the syringe before injection.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
For 2g infusion vials
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
1. Inject 10ml of the diluent and shake to dissolve. The vials may contain a vacuum to assist injection of the diluent.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
2. Carbon dioxide is released as the antibiotic dissolves, generating pressure within the vial. The solution will become clear within 1 to 2 minutes.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
3. Insert a vent needle to release pressure before adding additional diluent to the vial. Add diluent and then remove the vent needle.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
4. Additional pressure that may develop in the vial, especially after storage, should be relieved prior to administration to the patient.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
NOTE: To preserve product sterility, it is important that a gas relief needle is
<i>
not
</i>
inserted through the vial closure before the product has dissolved.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
4.3 Contraindications
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Ceftazidime is contra-indicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to ceftazidime or cephalosporin antibiotics.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Warnings
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Before therapy with ceftazidime is instituted, careful inquiry should be made to determine whether the patient has had previous hypersensitivity reactions to ceftazidime, cephalosporins, penicillins, or other drugs. Ceftazidime should be given only with special caution to patients with type 1 or immediate hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin. If an allergic reaction to ceftazidime occurs, discontinue the drug. Serious acute hypersensitivity reactions may require epinephrine (adrenaline), hydrocortisone, antihistamine, or other emergency measures.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Pseudomembranous colitis has been reported with the use of ceftazidime, other cephalosporins and virtually all broad-spectrum antibiotics, therefore, it is important to consider its diagnosis in patients who develop diarrhoea in association with antibiotic use. Such colitis may range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Symptoms can appear during or after treatment.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Mild cases of pseudomembranous colitis usually respond to drug discontinuance alone. In moderate to severe cases, appropriate measures should be taken.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Precautions
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Kefadim has not been shown to be nephrotoxic, however, because high and prolonged serum antibiotic concentrations can occur from usual doses in patients with transient or persistent reduction of urinary output because of renal insufficiency, the total daily dosage should be reduced when ceftazidime is administered to such patients to avoid the clinical consequences, eg, seizures due to elevated levels of antibiotics (see section 4.2). Continued dosage should be determined by degree of renal impairment, severity of infection and susceptibility of causative organisms.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
As with other antibiotics, prolonged use of Kefadim may result in the overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms. Repeated evaluation of the patient's condition is essential. If superinfection occurs during therapy, appropriate measures should be taken.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Kefadim should be used with caution in individuals with a history of gastro-intestinal disease, particularly colitis.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Ceftazidime does not interfere with enzyme-based tests for glycosuria. Slight interference with copper reduction methods (Benedict's, Fehling's, Clinitest) may be observed.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Nephrotoxicity has been reported following concomitant administration of cephalosporins and aminoglycoside antibiotics or potent diuretics, such as furosemide (frusemide). Renal function should be carefully monitored, especially if higher dosages of the aminoglycosides are to be administered or if therapy is prolonged, because of the potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity were not noted when Kefadim was given alone in clinical trials.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Reproduction studies have been performed in mice and rats at doses up to 40 times the human dose and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to Kefadim. There are, however, no controlled studies in pregnant women. As animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Ceftazidime is excreted in human milk in low concentrations and consequently caution should be exercised when ceftazidime is administered to a nursing woman.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Not applicable.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
4.8 Undesirable Effects
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
The most common side-effects were local reactions following intravenous injection and allergic and gastro-intestinal reactions.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Local effects:
</i>
Phlebitis or thrombophlebitis, and inflammation at the site of injection.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Hypersensitivity:
</i>
Pruritus, urticarial rash, fever and very rarely angioedema and anaphylaxis (bronchospasm and/or hypotension).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders:
</i>
As with other cephalosporins, there have been rare reports of toxic epidermal necrolysis reported in association with ceftazidime.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Gastro-intestinal:
</i>
Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, pseudomembranous colitis (see section 4.4 - 'Warnings'). Very rarely, oral thrush.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Central nervous system:
</i>
Headache, dizziness, paraesthesias and bad taste. There have been reports of neurological sequelae, including tremor, myoclonica, convulsions and encephalopathy, in patients with renal impairment in whom the dose of ceftazidime has not been appropriately reduced.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Reproductive system disorder:
</i>
Candidiasis and vaginitis.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Laboratory test changes (usually transient):
</i>
Eosinophilia, positive Coombs' test without haemolysis, thrombocytosis and slight elevations in one or more hepatic enzymes: AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT), LDH, GGT and alkaline phosphatase. Transient elevations of blood urea, blood urea nitrogen and/or serum creatinine have been observed occasionally. Transient leucopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia and lymphocytosis have been seen very rarely.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
4.9 Overdose
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Signs and symptoms:
</i>
Toxic signs and symptoms following an overdose of ceftazidime may include pain, inflammation and phlebitis at the injection site. Overdosage can lead to neurological sequelae, including encephalopathy, convulsions and coma.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
The administration of inappropriately large doses of parenteral cephalosporins may cause dizziness, paraesthesias and headaches. Seizures may occur following overdosage with some cephalosporins, particularly in patients with renal impairment in whom accumulation is likely to occur.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Laboratory abnormalities that may occur after an overdose include elevations in creatinine, BUN, liver enzymes and bilirubin, a positive Coombs' test, thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, leucopenia and prolongation of the prothrombin time.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
The subcutaneous median lethal dose in rats and mice ranged from 5.8 to 20g/kg and the intravenous median lethal dose in rabbits was >2g/kg.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Treatment:
</i>
If seizures occur, the drug should be discontinued promptly; anti-convulsant therapy may be administered if clinically indicated. An airway should be established. Cardiac and vital signs monitoring is recommended, along with general symptomatic and supportive measures.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In cases of severe overdosage, especially in a patient with renal failure, combined haemodialysis and haemoperfusion may be considered if response to more conservative therapy fails.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h2>
<br>
5. Pharmacological Properties
<br>
</h2>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Ceftazidime is a semi-synthetic, beta-lactam antibiotic, for parenteral administration.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
In vitro
</i>
tests demonstrate that ceftazidime is bactericidal. It acts against a wide range of Gram-negative organisms, including strains resistant to gentamicin and other aminoglycosides. It is also active against Gram-positive organisms, and is highly stable to most clinically important beta-lactamases, whether plasmid or chromosomally mediated.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Ceftazidime has been shown to have
<i>
in vitro
</i>
activity against the following organisms:
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Pseudomonas
</i>
spp. (including
<i>
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
</i>
);
<i>
Klebsiella
</i>
spp. (including
<i>
Klebsiella pneumoniae
</i>
);
<i>
Proteus mirabilis
</i>
and
<i>
Proteus vulgaris
</i>
;
<i>
Morganella morganii
</i>
(formerly
<i>
Proteus morganii
</i>
);
<i>
Providencia
</i>
spp. (including
<i>
Providencia rettgeri
</i>
, formerly
<i>
Proteus rettgeri
</i>
);
<i>
Escherichia coli
</i>
;
<i>
Enterobacter
</i>
spp.;
<i>
Citrobacter
</i>
spp.;
<i>
Serratia
</i>
spp.;
<i>
Salmonella
</i>
spp.;
<i>
Shigella
</i>
spp.;
<i>
Yersinia enterocolitica
</i>
;
<i>
Pasteurella multocida
</i>
;
<i>
Acinetobacter
</i>
spp.;
<i>
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
</i>
;
<i>
Neisseria meningitidis; Haemophilus influenzae
</i>
(including ampicillin-resistant strains);
<i>
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
</i>
(including ampicillin-resistant strains);
<i>
Staphylococcus aureus
</i>
(methicillin-sensitive strains);
<i>
Staphylococcus epidermidis
</i>
(methicillin-sensitive strains);
<i>
Streptococcus pyogenes
</i>
;
<i>
Streptococcus
</i>
Group B;
<i>
Streptococcus pneumoniae
</i>
;
<i>
Streptococcus
</i>
spp.;
<i>
Peptococcus
</i>
spp.;
<i>
Peptostreptococcus
</i>
spp.;
<i>
Clostridium
</i>
spp.; (but not
<i>
C. difficile
</i>
);
<i>
Bacteroides
</i>
spp. (but most strains of
<i>
B. fragilis
</i>
are resistant).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Using the ICS agar dilution method (or its equivalent) for susceptibility testing, the criteria for dilution methods are:
<br>
</p>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 181px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
MIC <16mg/litre:
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 406px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Susceptible
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 181px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
MIC>16 but <64mg/litre:
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 406px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Moderately susceptible (ie, susceptible to high dosage or if infection confined to tissues or fluids [eg, urine] in which high antibiotic levels are attained)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 181px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
MIC
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 406px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Resistant
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<br>
and for the standard disc test using a 30 microgram ceftazidime disc, are (zone diameters):
<br>
</p>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 181px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Zone
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 406px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Susceptible
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 181px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Zone 15-17mm:
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 406px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Moderately susceptible
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 181px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Zone
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 406px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Resistant
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<br>
Ceftazidime is not active
<i>
in vitro
</i>
against methicillin-resistant staphylococci;
<i>
Streptococcus faecalis
</i>
and many other enterococci;
<i>
Listeria monocytogenes
</i>
;
<i>
Campylobacter
</i>
spp. or
<i>
C. difficile.
</i>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Ceftazidime and the aminoglycosides have been shown to be synergistic
<i>
in vitro
</i>
against some strains of
<i>
P. aeruginosa
</i>
and the
<i>
Enterobacteriaceae
</i>
. Ceftazidime and carbenicillin have also been shown to be synergistic
<i>
in vitro
</i>
against
<i>
P. aeruginosa
</i>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
After intravenous administration of 500mg or 1g of ceftazidime, over 5 minutes, to normal adults, mean peak serum concentrations were 45mg/litre and 90mg/litre, respectively. Following intravenous infusion of 500mg, 1g and 2g of ceftazidime, over 20 to 30 minutes, to normal adults, mean peak serum concentrations of 42, 69 and 170mg/litre, respectively, were achieved. The average serum concentrations in these adults, over an 8 hour period, are given in
<i>
Table 4
</i>
.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Table 4:
</i>
<b>
Ceftazidime Concentrations in Serum
</b>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 155px; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
CEFTAZIDIME DOSAGE (IV)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 431px; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
SERUM CONCENTRATIONS (MG/LITRE)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 155px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 86px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
0.5h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 86px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
1h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 86px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
2h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 86px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
4h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 87px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
8h
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 155px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
500mg
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 86px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
42
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 86px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
25
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 86px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
12
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 86px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
6
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 87px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
2
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 155px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
1g
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 86px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
60
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 86px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
39
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 86px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
23
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 86px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
11
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 87px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
3
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 155px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
2g
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 86px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
129
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 86px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
75
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 86px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
42
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 86px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
13
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 87px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
5
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<br>
Following intramuscular administration of 500mg and 1g ceftazidime to normal adults, mean peak serum concentrations at approximately 1 hour were 17mg/litre and 39mg/litre, respectively. Serum concentrations remained above 4mg/litre for 6 and 8 hours after the intramuscular administration of 500mg and 1g doses, respectively.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
The half-life of ceftazidime was approximately 1.9 hours after intravenous administration and 2 hours after intramuscular administration.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Less than 10% of ceftazidime was protein bound and the degree of protein binding was independent of concentration.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Following multiple intravenous doses of 1g and 2g every 8 hours for 10 days, there was no evidence of accumulation of ceftazidime in the serum of individuals with normal renal function.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
The presence of hepatic dysfunction had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in individuals who received 2g intravenously every 8 hours for 5 days. Therefore, dosage adjustment is not required for patients with hepatic dysfunction, unless renal function is also impaired.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Approximately 80% to 90% of a dose of ceftazidime is excreted unchanged by the kidneys over a 24 hour period. The elimination of ceftazidime by the kidneys resulted in high urinary concentrations.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Concentrations of ceftazidime in excess of the minimum inhibitory levels of common pathogens can be achieved in tissues such as bone, heart, bile, sputum, aqueous humour, synovial, pleural and peritoneal fluids.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Transplacental transfer of the antibiotic readily occurs.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Ceftazidime penetrates the intact blood-brain barrier poorly and low levels are achieved in the CSF in the absence of inflammation. Therapeutic levels of 4 to 20mg/litre or more are achieved in the CSF when the meninges are inflamed.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate carcinogenic potential. However, a mouse micronucleus test and an Ames test were both negative for mutagenic effects.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h2>
<br>
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
<br>
</h2>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
6.1 List Of Excipients
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Sodium carbonate.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
6.2 Incompatibilities
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Solutions of Kefadim, like those of most beta-lactam antibiotics, should not be added to solutions of aminoglycoside antibiotics because of potential interaction. However, if concurrent therapy with Kefadim and an aminoglycoside is indicated, each of these antibiotics should be administered in different sites.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Precipitation has been reported when vancomycin has been added to ceftazidime in solution. Therefore, it would be prudent to flush giving sets and intravenous lines between administration of these two agents.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Kefadim is less stable in Sodium Bicarbonate Injection than in other intravenous fluids. Sodium Bicarbonate Injection is not recommended as a diluent. Solutions of Kefadim in 5% Dextrose or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection are stable for at least 6 hours at room temperature in plastic tubing, drip chambers and volume control devices of common intravenous infusion sets
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
6.3 Shelf Life
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Unreconstituted vials:
</i>
2 years.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Reconstituted vials:
</i>
It is good practice to reconstitute immediately prior to use. If this is not feasible, Kefadim should be stored in a refrigerator and used within 24 hours. After reconstitution, protection from light is not necessary. The pH of freshly reconstituted solutions ranges from 5.0 to 7.5.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Unreconstituted vials:
</i>
Protect from light. Do not store above 25°C.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Kefadim is supplied as a sterile dry powder in single-dose flint Type I or III glass vial with a rubber closure and aluminium seal containing 500mg, 1g and 2g ceftazidime (as pentahydrate) with sodium carbonate (118mg per gram of ceftazidime).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
The total sodium content of the mixture is approximately 54mg (2.3mEq) per gram of ceftazidime
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Solutions of Kefadim range from light yellow to amber, depending on the diluent and concentration.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Kefadim is compatible with the more commonly used intravenous infusion fluids. Solutions at concentrations between 1mg/ml and 40mg/ml in the following infusion fluids may be stored for up to 24 hours at room temperature: 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection BP; M/6 Sodium Lactate Injection BP; Ringer's Injection USP; Lactated Ringer's Injection USP; 5% Dextrose Injection BP; 0.225% Sodium Chloride and 5% Dextrose Injection BP; 0.45% Sodium Chloride and 5% Dextrose Injection BP; 0.9% Sodium Chloride and 5% Dextrose Injection BP; 10% Dextrose Injection BP; and 10% Invert Sugar in Water for Injection.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
At a concentration of 4mg/ml, Kefadim has been found compatible for 24 hours at room temperature in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection or 5% Dextrose Injection when admixed with cefuroxime sodium, 3mg/ml; heparin, 10u/ml or 50u/ml; or potassium chloride, 10mEq/l or 40mEq/l.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually and cloudy solutions should be discarded.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Kefadim powder and solutions will darken, depending on storage conditions. However, product potency is not adversely affected if storage conditions and storage periods are observed.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h2>
<br>
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
<br>
</h2>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Flynn Pharma Ltd
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Alton House
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
4 Herbert Street
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Dublin 2
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Ireland
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h2>
<br>
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
<br>
</h2>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 241px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Vials 500mg:
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 346px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
PL 13621/0014
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 241px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Vials 1g:
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 346px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
PL 13621/0015
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 241px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Vials 2g:
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 346px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
PL 13621/0016
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>
<br>
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
<br>
</h2>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 229px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Date of first authorisation:
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
1
<sup>
st
</sup>
June 2005
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 229px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>
<br>
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
<br>
</h2>
<br>
<p>
<br>
1
<sup>
st
</sup>
June 2005
<br>
</p>
<br>
<br>
<br>
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Tuesday, October 18, 2016
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<a href="https://listnauru.blogspot.com/2016/10/januvia-100mg-film-coated-tablets.html">
JANUVIA 100mg film-coated tablets
</a>
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
<div class="post-header-line-1">
</div>
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<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-1623945250411627997" itemprop="description articleBody">
<div class="contentBox">
<br>
<br>
<br>
<h2>
<br>
1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
<br>
</h2>
<br>
<p>
<br>
JANUVIA®
</p>
<h2>
</h2>
<h2>
<br>
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
<br>
</h2>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Each tablet contains sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate, equivalent to 100 mg sitagliptin.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h2>
<br>
3. Pharmaceutical Form
<br>
</h2>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Film-coated tablet (tablet)
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Round, beige film-coated tablet with “277” on one side.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h2>
<br>
4. Clinical Particulars
<br>
</h2>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p style="font-style: italic">
<br>
For patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Januvia is indicated to improve glycaemic control :
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
as
<b>
monotherapy
</b>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
• in patients inadequately controlled by diet and exercise alone and for whom metformin is inappropriate due to contraindications or intolerance.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
as
<b>
dual oral therapy
</b>
in combination with
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
• metformin when diet and exercise plus metformin alone do not provide adequate glycaemic control.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
• a sulphonylurea when diet and exercise plus maximal tolerated dose of a sulphonylurea alone do not provide adequate glycaemic control and when metformin is inappropriate due to contraindications or intolerance.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
• a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist (i.e. a thiazolidinedione) when use of a PPARγ agonist is appropriate and when diet and exercise plus the PPARγ agonist alone do not provide adequate glycaemic control.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
as
<b>
triple oral therapy
</b>
in combination with
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
• a sulphonylurea and metformin when diet and exercise plus dual therapy with these agents do not provide adequate glycaemic control.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
• a PPARγ agonist and metformin when use of a PPARγ agonist is appropriate and when diet and exercise plus dual therapy with these agents do not provide adequate glycaemic control.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Januvia is also indicated as add
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p style="text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Posology
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
The dose of Januvia is 100 mg once daily. When Januvia is used in combination with metformin and/or a PPARγ agonist, the dose of metformin and/or PPARγ agonist should be maintained, and Januvia administered concomitantly.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
When Januvia is used in combination with a sulphonylurea or with insulin, a lower dose of the sulphonylurea or insulin may be considered to reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia. (See section 4.4.)
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
If a dose of Januvia is missed, it should be taken as soon as the patient remembers. A double dose should not be taken on the same day.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Special populations
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="font-style: italic">
<br>
Renal impairment
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
For patients with mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance [CrCl]
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Clinical study experience with Januvia in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment is limited. Therefore, use of Januvia is not recommended in this patient population (see section 5.2).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="font-style: italic">
<br>
Hepatic impairment
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. Januvia has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="font-style: italic">
<br>
Elderly
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
No dose adjustment is necessary based on age. Limited safety data is available in patients
</p>
<br>
<p style="font-style: italic">
<br>
Paediatric population
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Januvia is not recommended for use in children below 18 years of age due to a lack of data on its safety and efficacy.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Method of administration
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Januvia can be taken with or without food.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
4.3 Contraindications
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients (see section 4.4 and 4.8).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p style="text-decoration: underline">
<br>
General
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Januvia should not be used in patients with type 1 diabetes or for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Pancreatitis
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In post-marketing experience there have been spontaneously reported adverse reactions of acute pancreatitis. Patients should be informed of the characteristic symptom of acute pancreatitis: persistent, severe abdominal pain. Resolution of pancreatitis has been observed after discontinuation of sitagliptin (with or without supportive treatment), but very rare cases of necrotizing or haemorrhagic pancreatitis and/or death have been reported. If pancreatitis is suspected, Januvia and other potentially suspect medicinal products should be discontinued.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Hypoglycaemia when used in combination with other anti-hyperglycaemic agents
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In clinical trials of Januvia as monotherapy and as part of combination therapy with agents not known to cause hypoglycaemia (i.e. metformin and/or a PPARγ agonist), rates of hypoglycaemia reported with sitagliptin were similar to rates in patients taking placebo. When sitagliptin was added to a sulphonylurea, or to insulin, the incidence of hypoglycaemia was increased over that of placebo (see section 4.8). Therefore, to reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia, a lower dose of sulphonylurea or insulin may be considered (see section 4.2).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Renal impairment
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
As the experience is limited, patients with moderate to severe renal impairment should not be treated with Januvia (see section 5.2).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Hypersensitivity Reactions
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Postmarketing reports of serious hypersensitivity reactions in patients treated with Januvia have been reported. These reactions include anaphylaxis, angioedema, and exfoliative skin conditions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Onset of these reactions occurred within the first 3 months after initiation of treatment with Januvia, with some reports occurring after the first dose. If a hypersensitivity reaction is suspected, discontinue Januvia, assess for other potential causes for the event, and institute alternative treatment for diabetes. (See section 4.8).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p style="font-style: italic; text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Effects of other medicinal products on sitagliptin
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Clinical data described below suggest that the risk for clinically meaningful interactions by co-administered medicinal products is low.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Metformin:
</i>
Co-administration of multiple twice-daily doses of 1000 mg metformin with 50 mg sitagliptin did not meaningfully alter the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
Ciclosporin:
</i>
A study was conducted to assess the effect of ciclosporin, a potent inhibitor of p
<sub>
max
</sub>
of sitagliptin by approximately 29 % and 68 %, respectively. These changes in sitagliptin pharmacokinetics were not considered to be clinically meaningful. The renal clearance of sitagliptin was not meaningfully altered. Therefore, meaningful interactions would not be expected with other p
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
In vitro
</i>
studies indicated that the primary enzyme responsible for the limited metabolism of sitagliptin is CYP3A4, with contribution from CYP2C8. In patients with normal renal function, metabolism, including via CYP3A4, plays only a small role in the clearance of sitagliptin. Metabolism may play a more significant role in the elimination of sitagliptin in the setting of severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). For this reason, it is possible that potent CYP3A4 inhibitors (i.e. ketoconazole, itraconazole, ritonavir, clarithromycin) could alter the phamacokinetics of sitagliptin in patients with severe renal impairment or ESRD. The effects of potent CYP3A4 inhibitors in the setting of renal impairment has not been assessed in a clinical study.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
In vitro
</i>
transport studies showed that sitagliptin is a substrate for p-glycoprotein and organic anion transporter-3 (OAT3). OAT3 mediated transport of sitagliptin was inhibited
<i>
in vitro
</i>
by probenecid, although the risk of clinically meaningful interactions is considered to be low. Concomitant administration of OAT3 inhibitors has not been evaluated
<i>
in vivo
</i>
.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="font-style: italic; text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Effects of sitagliptin on other medicinal products
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
In vitro
</i>
data suggest that sitagliptin does not inhibit nor induce CYP450 isoenzymes. In clinical studies, sitagliptin did not meaningfully alter the pharmacokinetics of metformin, glyburide, simvastatin, rosiglitazone, warfarin, or oral contraceptives, providing
<i>
in vivo
</i>
evidence of a low propensity for causing interactions with substrates of CYP3A4, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and organic cationic transporter (OCT).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Sitagliptin had a small effect on plasma digoxin concentrations, and may be a mild inhibitor of p-glycoprotein
<i>
in vivo
</i>
.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<span style="font-style: italic; text-decoration: underline">
Digoxin
</span>
: Sitagliptin had a small effect on plasma digoxin concentrations. Following administration of 0.25 mg digoxin concomitantly with 100 mg of Januvia daily for 10 days, the plasma AUC of digoxin was increased on average by 11 %, and the plasma C
<sub>
max
</sub>
on average by 18 %. No dose adjustment of digoxin is recommended. However, patients at risk of digoxin toxicity should be monitored for this when sitagliptin and digoxin are administered concomitantly.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p style="text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Pregnancy
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
There are no adequate data from the use of Januvia in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity at high doses (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown. Due to lack of human data, Januvia should not be used during pregnancy.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Lactation
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
It is unknown whether sitagliptin is excreted in human breast milk. Animal studies have shown excretion of sitagliptin in breast milk. Januvia should not be used during breast-feeding.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Januvia has no known influence on the ability to drive and use machines. However, when driving or operating machines, it should be taken into account that dizziness and somnolence have been reported.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In addition, patients should be alerted to the risk of hypoglycaemia when Januvia is used in combination with sulphonylurea agents or with insulin.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
4.8 Undesirable Effects
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In 11 large clinical trials of up to 2 years in duration, over 3,200 patients have received treatment with Januvia 100 mg per day alone or in combination with metformin, a sulphonylurea (with or without metformin), insulin (with or without metformin), or a PPARγ agent (with or without metformin). In a pooled analysis of 9 of these trials, the rate of discontinuation due to adverse experiences considered drug-related was 0.8 % with 100 mg per day and 1.5 % with other treatments. No adverse reactions considered as drug-related were reported in patients treated with sitagliptin occurring in excess (> 0.2 % and difference > 1 patient) of that in patients treated with control. In an additional combination study with a PPARγ agent (rosiglitazone) and metformin, no patients were discontinued due to adverse experiences considered as drug
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Adverse reactions considered as drug-related reported in patients treated with sitagliptin occurring in excess (> 0.2 % and difference> 1 patient) of that in patients treated with placebo are listed below (Table 1) by system organ class and frequency. Frequencies are defined as: very common (
</p>
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Table 1. The frequency of adverse reactions identified from placebo-controlled clinical studies
<br>
</p>
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<br>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Adverse Reaction
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 87%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Frequency of adverse reaction by treatment regimen
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Sitagliptin with Metformin
<sup>
1
</sup>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Sitagliptin with a Sulphonylurea
<sup>
2
</sup>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Sitagliptin with a Sulphonylurea and Metformin
<sup>
3
</sup>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Sitagliptin with a PPARγ Agent (pioglitazone)
<sup>
4
</sup>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Sitagliptin with a PPARγ Agent (rosiglitazone) and Metformin
<sup>
5
</sup>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Sitagliptin with Insulin (+/
<sup>
6
</sup>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Time-point
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
24
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
24
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
24
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
24
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
18
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
24-week
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 99%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Infections and infestations
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Influenza
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Common
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 99%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
hypoglycaemia*
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Common
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Very common
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Common
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Common
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Common
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 99%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Nervous system disorders
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Headache
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Common
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Common
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Somnolence
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Uncommon
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 99%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Gastro-intestinal disorders
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Diarrhoea
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Uncommon
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Common
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
dry mouth
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Uncommon
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
nausea
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Common
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Flatulence
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Common
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
constipation
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Common
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Uncommon
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
upper abdominal pain
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Uncommon
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
vomiting
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Common
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 99%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
General disorders and administration site conditions
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Peripheral oedema
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Common
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Common
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 99%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Investigations
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
blood glucose decreased
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Uncommon
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 12%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<br>
<sup>
*
</sup>
In clinical trials of Januvia as monotherapy and sitagliptin as part of combination therapy with metformin and/or a PPARγ agent, rates of hypoglycaemia reported with sitagliptin were similar to rates in patients taking placebo.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<sup>
1
</sup>
In this placebo-controlled 24-week study of sitagliptin 100 mg once daily in combination with metformin, the incidence of adverse reactions considered as drug-related in patients treated with sitagliptin/metformin compared to treatment with placebo/metformin was 9.3 % and 10.1 %, respectively.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In an additional 1-year study of sitagliptin 100 mg once daily in combination with metformin, the incidence of adverse reactions considered as drug-related in patients treated with sitagliptin/metformin compared to sulphonylurea/metformin was 14.5 % and 30.3 %, respectively.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In pooled studies of up to 1 year in duration comparing sitagliptin/metformin to a sulphonylurea agent/metformin, adverse reactions considered as drug-related reported in patients treated with sitagliptin 100 mg occurring in excess (> 0.2 % and difference> 1 patient) of that in patients receiving the sulphonylurea agent are as follows: anorexia (Metabolism and nutritional disorders; frequency uncommon) and weight decreased (Investigations; frequency uncommon).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<sup>
2
</sup>
In this 24-week study of sitagliptin 100 mg once daily in combination with glimepiride, the incidence of adverse reactions considered as drug-related in patients treated with sitagliptin/glimepiride compared to treatment with placebo/glimepiride was 11.3 % and 6.6 %, respectively.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<sup>
3
</sup>
In this 24-week study of sitagliptin 100 mg once daily in combination with glimepiride and metformin, the incidence of adverse reactions considered as drug-related in patients treated with sitagliptin in combination with glimepiride/metformin compared to treatment with placebo in combination with glimepiride/metformin was 18.1 % and 7.1 %, respectively.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<sup>
4
</sup>
In this 24-week study of the combination of sitagliptin 100 mg once daily and pioglitazone, the incidence of adverse reactions considered as drug-related in patients treated with sitagliptin/pioglitazone compared to patients treated with placebo/pioglitazone was 9.1 % and 9.0 %, respectively.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<sup>
5
</sup>
In this study of sitagliptin 100 mg once daily in combination with rosiglitazone and metformin, which continued through 54 weeks, the incidence of adverse reactions considered as drug
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<sup>
6
</sup>
In this 24
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In addition, in monotherapy studies of up to 24 weeks in duration of sitagliptin 100 mg once daily alone compared to placebo, adverse reactions considered as drug-related reported in patients treated with sitagliptin in excess (> 0.2 % and difference> 1 patient) of that in patients receiving placebo are headache, hypoglycaemia, constipation, and dizziness.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In addition to the drug-related adverse experiences described above, adverse experiences reported regardless of causal relationship to medication and occurring in at least 5 % and more commonly in patients treated with Januvia included upper respiratory tract infection and nasopharyngitis. Additional adverse experiences reported regardless of causal relationship to medication that occurred more frequently in patients treated with Januvia (not reaching the 5 % level, but occurring with an incidence of> 0.5 % higher with Januvia than that in the control group) included osteoarthritis and pain in extremity.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In an additional 24
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In a 24-week study of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin administered twice daily (sitagliptin/metformin 50 mg/500 mg or 50 mg/1000 mg), the overall incidence of adverse reactions considered as drug-related in patients treated with the combination of sitagliptin and metformin compared to patients treated with placebo was 14.0 % and 9.7 %, respectively. The overall incidence of adverse reactions considered as drug-related in patients treated with the combination of sitagliptin and metformin was comparable to metformin alone (14.0 % each) and greater than sitagliptin alone (6.7 %), with the differences relative to sitagliptin alone primarily due to gastrointestinal adverse reactions.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Across clinical studies, a small increase in white blood cell count (approximately 200 cells/microl difference in WBC vs. placebo; mean baseline WBC approximately 6600 cells/microl) was observed due to an increase in neutrophils. This observation was seen in most but not all studies. This change in laboratory parameters is not considered to be clinically relevant.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
No clinically meaningful changes in vital signs or in ECG (including in QTc interval) were observed with Januvia treatment.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold">
<br>
Post-marketing Experience:
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
During post-approval use of Januvia as monotherapy and/or in combination with other antihyperglycaemic agents, additional side effects have been reported (frequency not known): hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis, angioedema, rash, urticaria, cutaneous vasculitis, and exfoliative skin conditions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (see section 4.4); acute pancreatitis, including fatal and non-fatal haemorrhagic and necrotizing pancreatitis (see section 4.4); impaired renal function, including acute renal failure (sometimes requiring dialysis); vomiting.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
4.9 Overdose
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
During controlled clinical trials in healthy subjects, single doses of up to 800 mg sitagliptin were generally well tolerated. Minimal increases in QTc, not considered to be clinically relevant, were observed in one study at a dose of 800 mg sitagliptin. There is no experience with doses above 800 mg in clinical studies. In Phase I multiple
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In the event of an overdose, it is reasonable to employ the usual supportive measures, e.g., remove unabsorbed material from the gastrointestinal tract, employ clinical monitoring (including obtaining an electrocardiogram), and institute supportive therapy if required.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Sitagliptin is modestly dialyzable. In clinical studies, approximately 13.5 % of the dose was removed over a 3- to 4
</p>
<br>
<h2>
<br>
5. Pharmacological Properties
<br>
</h2>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Medicines used in diabetes, Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, ATC code: A10BH01.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Januvia is a member of a class of oral anti-hyperglycaemic agents called dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP
<sub>
1c
</sub>
(HbA
<sub>
1c
</sub>
) and lower fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations. The glucose-dependent mechanism of sitagliptin is distinct from the mechanism of sulphonylureas, which increase insulin secretion even when glucose levels are low and can lead to hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and in normal subjects. Sitagliptin is a potent and highly selective inhibitor of the enzyme DPP
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In a two
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Overall, sitagliptin improved glycaemic control when used as monotherapy or in combination treatment (see Table 2).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Two studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Januvia monotherapy. Treatment with sitagliptin at 100 mg once daily as monotherapy provided significant improvements in HbA
<sub>
1c
</sub>
, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and 2
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In a study in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 50 ml/min), the safety and tolerability of reduced doses of sitagliptin were investigated and generally similar to placebo. In addition, the reductions in HbA
<sub>
1c
</sub>
and FPG with sitagliptin compared to placebo were generally similar to those observed in other monotherapy studies in patients with normal renal function (see section 5.2). The number of patients with moderate to severe renal impairment was too low to confirm safe use of sitagliptin in this type of patients.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Sitagliptin 100 mg once daily provided significant improvements in glycaemic parameters compared with placebo in two 24-week studies of sitagliptin as add-on therapy, one in combination with metformin and one in combination with pioglitazone. Change from baseline in body weight was similar for patients treated with sitagliptin relative to placebo. In these studies there was a similar incidence of hypoglycaemia reported for patients treated with sitagliptin or placebo.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
A 24-week placebo-controlled study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sitagliptin (100 mg once daily) added to glimepiride alone or glimepiride in combination with metformin. The addition of sitagliptin to either glimepiride alone or to glimepiride and metformin provided significant improvements in glycaemic parameters. Patients treated with sitagliptin had a modest increase in body weight compared to those given placebo.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
A 54
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
A 24
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In a 24-week placebo-controlled factorial study of initial therapy, sitagliptin 50 mg twice daily in combination with metformin (500 mg or 1000 mg twice daily) provided significant improvements in glycaemic parameters compared with either monotherapy. The decrease in body weight with the combination of sitagliptin and metformin was similar to that observed with metformin alone or placebo; there was no change from baseline for patients on sitagliptin alone. The incidence of hypoglycaemia was similar across treatment groups.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Table 2. HbA
<sub>
1c
</sub>
results in placebo-controlled monotherapy and combination therapy studies*
<br>
</p>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 35%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Study
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Mean baseline HbA
<sub>
1c
</sub>
(%)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 21%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<b>
Mean change from baseline HbA
<sub>
1c
</sub>
(%)
</b>
<sup>
†
</sup>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 26%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<b>
Placebo-corrected mean change in HbA
<sub>
1c
</sub>
(%)
</b>
<sup>
†
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
(95 % CI)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 100%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Monotherapy Studies
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 35%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Sitagliptin 100 mg once daily
<sup>
§
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(N= 193)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
8.0
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 21%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
-0.5
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 26%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
-0.6
<sup>
‡
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(-0.8, -0.4)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 35%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Sitagliptin 100 mg once daily
<sup>
%
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(N= 229)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
8.0
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 21%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
-0.6
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 26%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
-0.8
<sup>
‡
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(-1.0, -0.6)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 100%; ">
<br>
<p style="font-weight: bold">
<br>
Combination Therapy Studies
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 35%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Sitagliptin 100 mg once daily added to ongoing metformin therapy
<sup>
%
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(N=453)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
8.0
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 21%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
-0.7
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 26%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
-0.7
<sup>
‡
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(-0.8, -0.5)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 35%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Sitagliptin 100 mg once daily added to ongoing pioglitazone therapy
<sup>
%
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(N=163)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
8.1
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 21%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
-0.9
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 26%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
-0.7
<sup>
‡
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(-0.9, -0.5)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 35%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Sitagliptin 100 mg once daily added to ongoing glimepiride therapy
<sup>
%
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(N=102)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
8.4
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 21%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
-0.3
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 26%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
-0.6
<sup>
‡
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(-0.8, -0.3)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 35%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Sitagliptin 100 mg once daily added to ongoing glimepiride + metformin therapy
<sup>
%
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(N=115)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
8.3
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 21%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
-0.6
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 26%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
-0.9
<sup>
‡
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(-1.1, -0.7)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 35%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Sitagliptin 100 mg once daily added to ongoing rosiglitazone + metformin therapy (N=170)
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Week 18
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Week 54
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
8.8
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
8.8
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 21%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
-1.0
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
-1.0
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 26%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
-0.7
<sup>
‡
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(-0.9, -0.5)
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
-0.8
<sup>
‡
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(-1.0, -0.5)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 35%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Initial therapy (twice daily)
<sup>
%
</sup>
:
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Sitagliptin 50 mg + metformin 500 mg
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(N=183)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
8.8
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 21%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
-1.4
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 26%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
-1.6
<sup>
‡
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(-1.8, -1.3)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 35%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Initial therapy (twice daily)
<sup>
%
</sup>
:
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Sitagliptin 50 mg + metformin 1000 mg
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(N=178)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
8.8
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 21%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
-1.9
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 26%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
-2.1
<sup>
‡
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(-2.3, -1.8)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
<td style="width: 35%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
Sitagliptin 100 mg once daily added to ongoing insulin (+/
<sup>
%
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(N=305)
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 15%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
8.7
<br>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 21%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<sup>
¶
</sup>
</p>
<br>
</td>
<td style="width: 26%; ">
<br>
<p>
<br>
<sup>
‡,
</sup>
<sup>
¶
</sup>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
(
</p>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<br>
* All Patients Treated Population (an intention-to-treat analysis).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<sup>
†
</sup>
Least squares means adjusted for prior antihyperglycaemic therapy status and baseline value.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<sup>
‡
</sup>
p<0.001 compared to placebo or placebo + combination treatment.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<sup>
§
</sup>
HbA
<sub>
1c
</sub>
(%) at week 18.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<sup>
%
</sup>
HbA
<sub>
1c
</sub>
(%) at week 24.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<sup>
¶
</sup>
Least squares mean adjusted for metformin use at Visit 1 (yes/no), insulin use at Visit 1 (pre
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
A 24
<sub>
1c
</sub>
from mean baseline values of 7.2 % was
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In a study comparing the efficacy and safety of the addition of Januvia 100 mg once daily or glipizide (a sulphonylurea agent) in patients with inadequate glycaemic control on metformin monotherapy, sitagliptin was similar to glipizide in reducing HbA
<sub>
1c
</sub>
. The mean glipizide dose used in the comparator group was 10 mg per day with approximately 40 % of patients requiring a glipizide dose of
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with Januvia in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in type 2 diabetes mellitus (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p style="text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Absorption
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Following oral administration of a 100
<sub>
max
</sub>
) occurring 1 to 4 hours post-dose, mean plasma AUC of sitagliptin was 8.52 μM•hr, C
<sub>
max
</sub>
was 950 nM. The absolute bioavailability of sitagliptin is approximately 87 %. Since coadministration of a high-fat meal with Januvia had no effect on the pharmacokinetics, Januvia may be administered with or without food.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Plasma AUC of sitagliptin increased in a dose-proportional manner. Dose-proportionality was not established for C
<sub>
max
</sub>
and C
<sub>
24hr
</sub>
(C
<sub>
max
</sub>
increased in a greater than dose-proportional manner and C
<sub>
24hr
</sub>
increased in a less than dose-proportional manner).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Distribution
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
The mean volume of distribution at steady state following a single 100
</p>
<br>
<p style="text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Biotransformation
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Sitagliptin is primarily eliminated unchanged in urine, and metabolism is a minor pathway. Approximately 79 % of sitagliptin is excreted unchanged in the urine.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Following a [
<sup>
14
</sup>
C]sitagliptin oral dose, approximately 16 % of the radioactivity was excreted as metabolites of sitagliptin. Six metabolites were detected at trace levels and are not expected to contribute to the plasma DPP
<i>
In vitro
</i>
studies indicated that the primary enzyme responsible for the limited metabolism of sitagliptin was CYP3A4, with contribution from CYP2C8.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>
In vitro
</i>
data showed that sitagliptin is not an inhibitor of CYP isozymes CYP3A4, 2C8, 2C9, 2D6, 1A2, 2C19 or 2B6, and is not an inducer of CYP3A4 and CYP1A2.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Elimination
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Following administration of an oral [
<sup>
14
</sup>
C]sitagliptin dose to healthy subjects, approximately 100 % of the administered radioactivity was eliminated in faeces (13 %) or urine (87 %) within one week of dosing. The apparent terminal t
<sub>
1/2
</sub>
following a 100
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Elimination of sitagliptin occurs primarily via renal excretion and involves active tubular secretion. Sitagliptin is a substrate for human organic anion transporter
<i>
In vitro
</i>
, sitagliptin did not inhibit OAT3 (IC50=160 μM) or p-glycoprotein (up to 250 μM) mediated transport at therapeutically relevant plasma concentrations. In a clinical study sitagliptin had a small effect on plasma digoxin concentrations indicating that sitagliptin may be a mild inhibitor of p-glycoprotein.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="text-decoration: underline">
<br>
Characteristics in patients
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
The pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin were generally similar in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="font-style: italic">
<br>
Renal impairment
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
A single-dose, open-label study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of a reduced dose of sitagliptin (50
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Patients with mild renal impairment did not have a clinically meaningful increase in the plasma concentration of sitagliptin as compared to normal healthy control subjects. An approximately 2
</p>
<br>
<p style="font-style: italic">
<br>
Hepatic impairment
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
No dose adjustment for Januvia is necessary for patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score
</p>
<br>
<p style="font-style: italic">
<br>
Elderly
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
No dose adjustment is required based on age. Age did not have a clinically meaningful impact on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis of Phase I and Phase II data. Elderly subjects (65 to 80 years) had approximately 19 % higher plasma concentrations of sitagliptin compared to younger subjects.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="font-style: italic">
<br>
Paediatric
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
No studies with Januvia have been performed in paediatric patients.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p style="font-style: italic">
<br>
Other patient characteristics
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
No dose adjustment is necessary based on gender, race, or body mass index (BMI). These characteristics had no clinically meaningful effect on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin based on a composite analysis of Phase I pharmacokinetic data and on a population pharmacokinetic analysis of Phase I and Phase II data.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
<br>
</h3>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Renal and liver toxicity were observed in rodents at systemic exposure values 58 times the human exposure level, while the no-effect level was found at 19 times the human exposure level. Incisor teeth abnormalities were observed in rats at exposure levels 67 times the clinical exposure level; the no-effect level for this finding was 58
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Sitagliptin has not been demonstrated to be genotoxic in preclinical studies. Sitagliptin was not carcinogenic in mice. In rats, there was an increased incidence of hepatic adenomas and carcinomas at systemic exposure levels 58 times the human exposure level. Since hepatotoxicity has been shown to correlate with induction of hepatic neoplasia in rats, this increased incidence of hepatic tumours in rats was likely secondary to chronic hepatic toxicity at this high dose. Because of the high safety margin (19
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
No adverse effects upon fertility were observed in male and female rats given sitagliptin prior to and throughout mating.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
In a pre-/postnatal development study performed in rats sitagliptin showed no adverse effects.
<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
<br>
Reproductive toxicity studies showed a slight treatment-related increased incidence of fetal rib malformations (absent, hypoplastic and wavy ribs) in the offspring of rats at systemic exposure levels more than 29 times the human exposure levels. Maternal toxicity was seen in rabbits at more than 29 times the human exposure levels. Because of the high safety margins, these findings do not suggest a relevant risk for human reproduction. Sitagliptin is secreted in considerable amounts into the milk of lactating rats (milk/plasma ratio: 4:1).
<br>
</p>
<br>
<h2>
<br>
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
<br>
</h2>
<br>
<h3>
<br>
6.1 List Of Excipients
</h3>
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<a href="https://listnauru.blogspot.com/2016/10/xyloproct-5-0275-ointment.html">
Xyloproct 5% / 0.275% Ointment
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<a href="https://listnauru.blogspot.com/2016/10/kentera-oxybutynin-transdermal-patch.html">
Kentera oxybutynin transdermal patch
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Kefadim Vials
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<a href="https://listnauru.blogspot.com/2016/10/januvia-100mg-film-coated-tablets.html">
JANUVIA 100mg film-coated tablets
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